History of C++

History of C++

• Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s
• Initially called "C with Classes", later renamed to C++
• First released in 1985
• Standardized in 1998 (C++98) and updated in 2011 (C++11), 2014 (C++14), and 2017 (C++17)

Features of C++

• Object-oriented programming: encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism
• Statically typed: explicit type declarations, compile-time type checking
• Compiled language: code is translated to machine code before execution
• Low-level memory management: manual memory allocation and deallocation using new and delete
• Templates: generic programming, compile-time evaluation

Syntax and Basics

• Variables: declared with type name; syntax, e.g., int x;
• Operators: arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment, etc.
• Control structures: if-else statements, switch statements, loops (for, while, do-while)
• Functions: declared with return-type name(parameters); syntax, e.g., int add(int a, int b);
• Arrays: declared with type name[size]; syntax, e.g., int arr[5];
• Pointers: declared with type* name; syntax, e.g., int* p;

C++ Standard Library

• Containers: vector, list, map, set, etc.
• Algorithms: sort, search, count, etc.
• Input/Output: iostream, istream, ostream, etc.
• Strings: string, wstring, etc.
• Utilities: tuple, pair, etc.

Memory Management

• new: allocate memory on the heap
• delete: deallocate memory on the heap
• Smart pointers: unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr (introduced in C++11)
• RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization): managing resources using objects with destructors

Advanced Topics

• Templates: template metaprogramming, SFINAE (Substitution Failure Is Not An Error)
• Move semantics: rvalue references, move constructors, move assignment operators (introduced in C++11)
• Lambda expressions: anonymous functions, closures (introduced in C++11)
• Synchronization: threads, mutexes, condition variables, atomic operations (introduced in C++11)

History of C++

• Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s
• Initially called "C with Classes", later renamed to C++
• First released in 1985
• Standardized in 1998 (C++98) and updated in 2011 (C++11), 2014 (C++14), and 2017 (C++17)

Features of C++

• Combines object-oriented and low-level programming features
• Supports object-oriented programming with encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism
• Statically typed with explicit type declarations and compile-time type checking
• Compiled language with code translated to machine code before execution
• Allows low-level memory management with manual memory allocation and deallocation using new and delete
• Supports generic programming with templates and compile-time evaluation

Syntax and Basics

• Variables declared with type name; syntax
• Supports various operators (arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment, etc.)
• Control structures include if-else statements, switch statements, and loops (for, while, do-while)
• Functions declared with return-type name(parameters); syntax
• Arrays declared with type name[size]; syntax
• Pointers declared with type* name; syntax

C++ Standard Library

• Provides containers (vector, list, map, set, etc.)
• Offers algorithms (sort, search, count, etc.)
• Supports input/output operations with iostream, istream, and ostream
• Includes string and wstring classes for string manipulation
• Offers utility classes (tuple, pair, etc.)

Memory Management

• new operator allocates memory on the heap
• delete operator deallocates memory on the heap
• Smart pointers (unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr) introduced in C++11 for efficient memory management
• Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII) manages resources using objects with destructors

Advanced Topics

• Templates support template metaprogramming and SFINAE (Substitution Failure Is Not An Error)
• Move semantics introduced in C++11 with rvalue references, move constructors, and move assignment operators
• Lambda expressions introduced in C++11 for anonymous functions and closures
• Multi-threading supported with threads, mutexes, condition variables, and atomic operations introduced in C++11