Prelim BB easy

In 1492, blood was extracted from three men and given to Pope Innocent VII, but all of them died, marking an early attempt at blood transfusion with fatal consequences.

Braxton Hicks recommended sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant in 1869, marking a significant step forward in preventing blood clotting during medical procedures.

Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood groups in 1901 and discussed mismatched blood transfusion reactions, earning him a Nobel Prize.

Edward E. Lindemann performed vein-to-vein transfusion using syringes and cannula able to puncture skin.

In 1914, Hustin was the first to use sodium citrate as an anticoagulant for blood transfusions.

Lewisohn determined the minimum amount of sodium citrate needed for anticoagulation and showed its nontoxicity in minute amounts.

Rous and Turner introduced citrate dextrose solution for glucose evaluation in 1916, though the importance of glucose was not discovered until the 1930s.

Dr. Charles Drew developed blood transfusion and preservation techniques, which formed the foundation of the blood banking system and became the model for the American Red Cross.

Loutit and Mollison introduced the acid citrate dextrose (ACD) formula in 1943.

Gibson introduced an improved anticoagulant called citrate phosphate dextrose (PCD), which replaced ACD as the standard preservative for storing blood.

Integrated network of cells, tissues, organs, mechanical barriers, and secreted molecules that defend the body.

Ability to distinguish between self and non-self antigens, eliminating the latter.

The body's capacity to maintain a stable internal environment during immune responses.

Detecting and eliminating any overgrowth of a particular cell population, such as in tumor formation.

Cells and tissues including skin and mucous membranes that create a barrier to defend the body.

Cells that capture antigens via phagocytosis, break them down, and present them to T cells.

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and are involved in cellular immunity including T helper and T cytotoxic cells.

The lymphoid stem cell differentiates into lymphoid and myeloid stem cells.

Polymorphonuclear cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils which are the most common granulocytes.

Found in tissues, they are active in eliciting hypersensitivity reactions.

Granulocytes found in the blood that initiate hypersensitivity responses through histamine release.

Granulocytes containing major basic protein, essential for fighting off parasites.

Most numerous granulocyte, active during infections, especially bacterial infections.

The body's first line of defense, offering a consistent response, irrespective of the pathogen encountered.

Release of inflammatory mediators, increased blood supply and capillary permeability and leukocyte migration.

IgM and IgG are key in blood banking. IgM focuses on agglutination, while IgG participates in hemolysis via complement activation.

The concentration of antigens and antibodies affects reaction outcomes; imbalances can result in false negatives, either in the prozone (excess antibodies) or postzone (excess antigens).

False negative results occur when there’s either prozone (excess antibodies) or postzone (excess antigens); it indicates an inaccurate assessment of antigen-antibody reaction.

A phenomenon where more antibodies are present than antigens, potentially leading to a false negative reaction due to antibodies not cross-linking antigens effectively.

The opposite of prozone, where there is an excess of antigens compared to antibodies, also leading to potential false negative results.

Red cells repel each other due to negative charges (Sialic acid residues->Glycophorins) creating a Zeta Potential.

AHG bridges the gap between IgG molecules attached to red blood cells, enabling agglutination.

LISS reduces ionic strength, enhancing antigen-antibody binding.

Bovine albumin reduces cell distance, promoting agglutination.

Before red cell suspension in testing, washing removes impurities that could cause false reactions.

Direct Antiglobulin Test detects in-vivo ,while Indirect detects in-vitro sensitization of red blood cells.

A broad-spectrum reagent that detects both IgG and C3d on red cells, used for initial screening.

Reagent testing for either IgG or C3d, for confirmatory testing.

Added to negative AHG tests to rule out false negatives due to inactive AHG or inadequate washing.

The number of antigens on red cells varies depending on the inherited genes, resulting in differences in the strength of reactions.

The basic unit of heredity, responsible for producing proteins, the main component of the human body.

A segment of DNA that codes for a particular amino acid, eventually forming tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Cellular structure housing chromosomes, crucial for gene location and function.

Responsible for the expression of genes; if an individual's blood type is B, the phenotype is B, and the genotype is either homozygous BB or heterozygous BO.

Observable expression of genes; antigen present on red cells.

If both parents pass on the 'A' gene creating Homozygous AA, or if one parent is A and one is O, creating Heterozygous AO.

A gene that leads to antigen expression, resulting in more A antigens in individuals with two dominant genes compared to those with only one.

Illustrates the probability of genotypes resulting from the parents' genotypes.

A location on a chromosome that houses specific genes, influencing traits.

Different versions of a gene at a specific locus, such as A, B, or O for ABO blood groups.

A gene with no detectable product, resulting from inheritance of amorphic genes from both parents or action of suppressor genes.

Genes that prevent other genes from being expressed.

Condition where more than one allele exists at a particular locus on a chromosome, exemplified by HLA genes.

Each parent passes one allele of a gene pair, determining specific traits in the offspring, such as blood type.

Blood group antigens from different chromosomes are inherited and expressed separately, without interference.

36 registered blood group systems, each defined by a unique ISBT gene name and number.

An organization that standardizes terminologies for red cell antigens since 1980.

To standardize terminologies and facilitate computer software compatibility using: Gene Name + ISBT number.

Embedded in the red cell membrane, with portions extending into the external surface and cytoplasm.

Band III, Glycophorin A, Glycophorin B, Glycolipids, and Polypeptides.

Presence depends on inherited genes, influencing their form, size, and length.

Tallest proteins on red cells, carrying MNS blood group antigens, with ISBT number 002.

Front typing determines antigens by using antisera; back typing determines antibodies using known red cells.

Used to determine antigens on red cells with reagents containing specific antibodies.

Determines antibodies in patient plasma/serum, using known red cells.

Normal individuals possess ABO antibodies to antigens absent from their red cells.

You cannot produce antibodies against your own red cell antigens.

Individuals with Type A blood possess anti-B antibodies; Type B possess anti-A; Group O possesses both Anti-A and Anti-B.

The most common blood group is O, then A, B, and AB; Filipinos mirror the US in Rh distribution.

Individuals inherit one ABO gene from each parent determining which ABO antigens are expressed.

Interaction of ABO, Hh, & Se; dictates expresssion/formation of ABO antigens.

Transfer sugar molecules to paragloboside to create specific ABO antigens.

Oligosaccharide chain attached to a lipid or protein: precursor of ABO antigens

An antigen found only in Bombay phenotype, tied to H gene inheritance in chromosome 19. It means you do not have A, B or H antigens.

Involves using anti-sera for antigen detection on red cells.

Determines antibodies in serum with known RBCs.

Karl Landsteiner that states individuals form antibodies against antigens they lack.

A or B glycosyltransferases transfer sugars to create antigens.

The ABO phenotype with the most unreacted H antigen.

Causes discrepancies in forward and reverse ABO typing.

Recognized by plant lectin Dolichos biflorus.

Weak or absent agglutination with Anti-A/B reagents.

Saliva studies test for H and A antigens.

A rare phenotype lacking A, B, and H antigens.

Specific antibodies derived from plants: Helps ID small Ag amounts.

Problems in ABO typing when forward and reverse typing results disagree.

Weakened agglutination, missing expected reactions, or extra reactions.

Technical errors, reagent issues, or patient-related conditions.

Identification and documentation errors in the lab.

Unexpected serum reactions in reverse typing due to weak or missing antibodies.

May include newborns, elderly, or immunocompromised patients.

Unexpected reactions in forward typing due to weak or extra antigens.

Rare condition with two cell populations in one individual.

Plasma or protein abnormalities causing red cell aggregation.

Problems in both forward and reverse typing, with cold autoagglutinins.