bio 2 exam 1

<p>Selection based on traits that increase mating success</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speciation occurring in different geographic areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soft-bodied organisms rarely fossilize</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A derived trait shared by two or more taxa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A taxon that diverged earlier than the taxa being studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gametic Isolation and Mechanical Isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Characters are observable features of an organism and character state refers to the specific expression of a character. '</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Principle of disuse and principle of inheritance of acquired traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea of struggle for existence and survival of the fittest</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He developed the concept of stratigraphy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discovery of transitional forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vestigial structures are remnants of ancestral features with reduced or no function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Transitional forms' represent intermediate stages in the evolutionary history of organisms. An example is Archaeopteryx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medieval people viewed nature as static and unchanging, reflecting God's creation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Artificial selection' mimics the process of natural selection, leading to changes in populations over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Georges Cuvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Principle of use and disuse and principle of inheritance of acquired characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniformitarianism is the idea that geological processes occur at a constant rate advocated by James Hutton</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medieval people viewed nature as unchanging and created by a divine entity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Transitional form' refers to an organism linking fish and amphibians, such as Tiktaalik</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fact is an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and for all practical purposes is accepted as 'true'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicolaus Steno was a biologist who proposed the Law of Superposition in geology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A theory is a scientific explanation that has been repeatedly confirmed through experimentation and observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Georges Cuvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural selection is a non-random process that leads to the increase in frequency of beneficial traits in a population over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene flow increases genetic variation between populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This concept emphasizes the physical characteristics and appearance as the primary criteria for defining distinct species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allopatric speciation takes place when environmental changes cause sympatric divergence, favored by extensive gene flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limitations include the rarity of fossilization, bias towards hard-bodied organisms, and incomplete preservation of transitional forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apomorphies are unique derived characteristics that set a group apart and are crucial for determining outgroups in phylogenetic trees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outgroup represents the ancestral condition for certain traits and is essential for rooting phylogenetic trees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Characters' represent traits or features used to infer relationships, while 'character states' denote the different forms or conditions these traits can take.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fossil age estimation involves comparing radioactive decay rates of isotopes found in surrounding rocks with those present in fossils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most parsimonious tree minimizes ad hoc assumptions and requires fewer evolutionary changes, providing a more plausible explanation for relationship patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases genetic diversity in the recipient population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Characters are observable features, and character state refers to the genetic variation at a specific locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An adaptation is a trait that has evolved through natural selection to increase an organism's fitness in its environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The morphospecies concept emphasizes similarities in physical appearance to define species boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An apomorphy is a specialized trait unique to a particular lineage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small population size, no mutation, random mating, no natural selection, and no gene flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases genetic variation within the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allopatric speciation occurs when geographic barriers prevent gene flow between two populations, leading to reproductive isolation and speciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympatric speciation occurs when two populations evolve similar traits despite being geographically isolated. It is favored by limited gene flow and high genetic drift.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The outgroup consists of organisms that are distantly related to the ingroup. Its significance lies in providing a rooting point for the tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Georges Cuvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Principle of use and disuse, Principle of inheritance of acquired characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniformitarianism is the concept that Earth's geological processes occurred over long periods of time. It was advocated by Charles Lyell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory of gradualism states that evolution occurred suddenly. It was formulated by Charles Lyell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medieval people viewed nature as static and unchanging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Richard Owen was a paleontologist who coined the term 'dinosaur' and made significant contributions to the study of fossil reptiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fact is an objective and verifiable observation or piece of evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace</p> Signup and view all the answers