16 Questions
What type of sugar has an aldehyde group at one end?
Aldose sugar
Which type of carbohydrate is a polymer consisting of chains of monosaccharide or disaccharide units?
Polysaccharide
How are monosaccharides classified based on the presence of an aldehyde or ketone group?
By the number of carbon atoms present
What is the function of carbohydrates in serving as cell membrane components?
Affecting cell membrane permeability
What is the most important carbohydrate for cellular energy generation?
Glucose
Which process is responsible for the final step in cellular respiration?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
How many net ATP molecules are produced from the breakdown of one glucose molecule via glycolysis?
2 ATP
What is a common complication in diabetics caused by the reaction of glucose with proteins in the eye's lens?
Cataracts
What led to the removal of Dulcin® from the market in 1951?
Questions about its toxicity
Which synthetic sweetener was discovered after saccharin but before sodium cyclamate?
Dulcin®
Why should individuals with the genetic disease avoid consuming aspartame?
It contains a phenylalanine subunit
What makes up about 10% of dental plaque and is a polysaccharide made up of glucose units?
Dextran
What type of glycosidic bond is formed between the anomeric OH group of galactose and C-4 of glucose in lactose?
β-glycosidic bond
What is the main structural difference between amylose and amylopectin in starch?
Amylose has mainly α(1→4) linkages, while amylopectin has branches formed by α(1→6) linkages
What is the function of branches in amylopectin's structure?
Provide multiple chain ends for enzymatic cleavage
How does glycogen differ structurally from amylopectin?
Glycogen has α(1→6) branches, while amylopectin does not have branches
Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Aldoses are sugars that have an aldehyde group at one end.
Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides are carbohydrates that are polymers consisting of chains of monosaccharide or disaccharide units.
Classification of Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are classified based on the presence of an aldehyde (aldoses) or ketone (ketoses) group.
Function of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates serve as cell membrane components.
Cellular Energy Generation
- Glucose is the most important carbohydrate for cellular energy generation.
Cellular Respiration
- Oxidative phosphorylation is the process responsible for the final step in cellular respiration.
ATP Production
- 2 net ATP molecules are produced from the breakdown of one glucose molecule via glycolysis.
Diabetes Complications
- Cataract formation is a common complication in diabetics caused by the reaction of glucose with proteins in the eye's lens.
Sweeteners
- Dulcin® was removed from the market in 1951 due to its toxicity.
- Cyclamate is a synthetic sweetener discovered after saccharin but before aspartame.
- Individuals with phenylketonuria should avoid consuming aspartame.
Dental Plaque
- Dextran, a polysaccharide made up of glucose units, makes up about 10% of dental plaque.
Lactose
- An α-1,4-glycosidic bond is formed between the anomeric OH group of galactose and C-4 of glucose in lactose.
Starch Structure
- The main structural difference between amylose and amylopectin in starch is the branching pattern.
- Branches in amylopectin's structure allow for more efficient digestion.
Glycogen Structure
- Glycogen differs structurally from amylopectin in that it has more branching points.
Explore the timeline and key events surrounding the discovery and use of artificial sweeteners like saccharin, Dulcin®, and sodium cyclamate. Learn about the significance of these nonnutritive sweeteners in the food industry.
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