History of Architecture

• Architectural style concerns notable and historically identifiable characteristics and features that make a building unique
• Styles originate from societal history
• Styles represent rebellion against an existing style or movement
• Styles change over time reflecting fashions, beliefs, religions or new ideas, technology, or materials

Timeline of Architecture

• Pre-Historic (900 BC – 3000 BC)
• Egyptian (500 BC – 1st Century AD)
• Mesopotamian (approx. 400 BC – 4th Century)
• Assyrian Architecture
• Persian Architecture
• Babylonia Architecture
• Greek Architecture (8th Century BC – 2nd Century AD)
• Roman Architecture (2nd Century - 4th Century AD)
• Early Christian Architecture (4th Century)
• Byzantine Architecture (4th Century-6th Century)
• Romanesque Architecture (8th Century BC- 12th Century)
• English Medieval
• Gothic Architecture (13th- 15th century)

Renaissance Architecture (15th-18th century)

• Italian Renaissance
• French Renaissance
• German Renaissance
• Belgium and Dutch
• Spanish Renaissance
• English Renaissance
• Russian Renaissance

Baroque Architecture

• Early 17th Century originated in Italy

Neo Classical

• Late 18th Century- early 19th Century

Beaux-Arts Architecture

• Late 19th Century France, 1900 in the US

Art Nouveau Style

• Originated in the late 19th century- Early 20th Century
• Still Liberty (Italy)
• Sezession (Austria)
• Modernismo (Spain)
• Judgedstil (Germany)

Art Deco Style

• Originated in 1910 (France)
• Popular 1920s – 1930s (US & Europe)

Theory of Architecture

• Used to differentiate intellectual from practical knowledge in architectural education
• Reasoned judgment is an essential part of the architectural process

Ratiocinatio

• Latin term used by Vitruvius to mean Theory of Architecture

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

• A Roman architect and military engineer of the 1st century
• Authored De Architectura Libre Decem (On Architecture)

De Architectura Libre Decem (On Architecture)

• Published as Ten Books on Architecture
• Based on his own experience and theoretical works by famous Greek architecture.
• Book 1-3 Value Proportion:
• Town planning, architecture or civil engineer in general
• Building material (bricks, stones)
• Mathematics and correct proportions
• Book 4-5 Column Orders:
• Doric, ionic, and corinthian Greek orders
• Various types of temples and altars
• Book 5: Civil building (basilica, theaters and baths)
• Book 6: Domestic buildings (Private homes)
• Book 7: Pavement, vaults, decorative plaster work
• Book 8: Water supply, aqueducts
• Book 9: Science influence architecture (Geometry, measurement, astronomy sundial)
• Book 10: Use and construction of machines

Vitruvian Triad: 3 Main Elements

• Delight/firmitas
• Firmness/venustas
• Commodity-utilitas

Classical Architecture:

• Relates to Greece and Roman architecture
• Later influencing the Italian Renaissance and subsequent styles like Baroque and Classic Revival

Classic Greek Architecture

• Geographical influence
• The upper city is known as a citadel or acropolis
• Bounded on two sides by Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
• Geological influence
• Marble is the most used building material building stones
• Climatic influence
• Design base on wind flow the sound
• Builds outside due to climate intermediate between hot and cold temperatures
• Relies on outdoor life dramatic presentation
• Because of few public buildings other than temples, public ceremonies took place in an open air setting even in religious rites
• Religious influence
• Greek architecture represents deities by large statues

Social & Political Influence

• Music, dance, wrestling, boxing, gymnastic, and bull-fighting were chief diversions
• Connection to religious practices was often present

Historical Influence

• Hellenic Period
• Columnar and trabeated in Acropolis
• Crowning feature was "Parthenon"

Architectural Features

• Use of regular plan
• Temple gateways referred to as “propylaea”
• Colonnade surrounds the temple.

The Acropolis at Athens

• Site of Greek sanctuary which is the main building in the city, Parthenon
• Parthenon is the best example of a Greek temple and architecture with optical refinement

Propylaea

• Temple gateways
• Colonnade surrounds the temple
• Use a regular plan, especially in temples.

Lacunaria

• Latin name for Panelled Ceiling
• Ceilings were often omitted and trabeated with timber paneled coffers
• Oval forms often produce hollow spaces

Caryatid

• Made up of stones and marble sculptures
• Marble sculptures completed the building
• Mural paintings on the walls of temples were highly developed

Optical Correction in Architecture

• Proportion of the human body and structure building are crucial for appearance based on beliefs
• Perfection of visual appearance and proportion is desired
• The taller the letter and the bigger and wider the letters are.
• Proportions are perfected in the human perspective
• Optical illusions were corrected from horizontal lines which might have appeared to drop from the center (ENTASIS)

Entasis

• Application of a convex curve (bulging) to a surface for aesthetic and technical purposes

Shafts

• Diameter decreases from bottom upwards
• Counteracts the tendency of the eye to reach upward, forcing travel up and down the shaft

Principal Orders (Originally Designed by the Greeks)

• Doric, the simplest design with no base is 4-7 diameters
• Ionic includes capital and base, 9-10 times the lower diameter in height
• Corinthinian is a Decorative variant of ionic with a different column capital

Principal Orders (Originally Designed by the Romans)

• Tuscan
• Composite

Parthenon

• Main building on the acropolis
• Considered the best example in Greek temple architecture

Architectural Characteristic Summary

• Simplicity and Harmony
• Purity of lines
• Perfection of proportions
• Refinement of details
• Principles of the architectural order are the notable characteristics of its expressiveness: Doric, Ionic,and Corinthian

Roman Architectural Characteristics:

• Massive brick and concrete construction.
• Relied on Semi Circular arch, the barrel, and groin vaults, and the dome
• Simplicity and grandeur,
• Elaboration of Greek orders.
• Romans continued the legacy left by Greeks
• Combination with new construction techniques and materials
• Romans are known for knowledge in engineering
• Innovative for comparison to Greece’s more notable architecture
• Romans used Concrete as main building material
• Roman concrete was mixed with stone or brick rubble and pozzolana.
• While marble was sourced from Greece, more military forces existed
• Romans have their Pantheon, as did the Greeks

Climatic Influence

• Italy has 3 regions (north, central and south) all leading to variety of climate conditions

Religious Influence

• Romans Venerated more of their emperors than their gods, resulting in less temple construction

Social & Political Influence

Key emperors included Nero, Vespasian, Trojan, Hadrian, Septimus, Severus, Caracalla, and Diocletian

Historical Influence

• Etruscans were notable for the use of the true & “radiating arch”
• Romans are known as the earliest civilization and great builders for inventing the “Tuscan capital”
• the Romans adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks
• They developed the arch, vault, and dome.

Classical Orders

• The Tuscan and Composite Orders were Originally designed by Roman.

Pantheon

• A Roman temple to all the gods
• Later used as a Catholic church

The Colosseum – Rome, Italy

• Elliptical amphitheater
• Used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles including animal hunts, executions, and reenactments of famous battles and dramas

Maisons Carrée – Nîmes, France

• One of the best preserved Roman temples to have survived

Archetectural feature

• A rectangular forum and or plaza
• The plaza would have been ruined by government buildings

Port du Gard - Southern France

• Included aqueducts constructed during the Roman Empire
• Built with no use of mortar
• Constructed by fitting together massive blocks of precisely cut stones

Charlemagne

• Emperor of romans
• Restored the roman empire
• Intended in re-creating the Roman Empire, based on Roman models

Vaulting system (stone or brick)

• barrel vault
• groin vault
• rib vault
• fan vault (gothic)

Walls

• Emphasis should be placed more on structure
• Masive thickness with small openings i. Double shells
• Material used should be stone and or brick.
• Buttress - not a highly significant feature compare; flat square profiles do not greatly project out from the wall.

Romanesque Archetecture

• Characterized by;
  • massive quality,thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars and barrel vaults
  • Large towers and decorative arcading.
  • Traditionally referred to as Norman Architecture

Arches and Openings

• Semi circular doors and windows
• Ocular window
• Blind arches
• Pairing of two arched window

Arcades

• Row of arches, supported on piers or columns
• Located in interior of large churches, separating the nave from the aisles.
• Apse, ambulatory, crossing, nave, and or aisles

Column

• Important structure feature
• Massive columns supporting the thick upper walls; can be heavy vaults
• Alternation of piers and columns common in church separating large interior spaces

Salvaged Column

• Antique roman columns are salvaged and reused

Drum Column

• Method of construction involved them using stone cylinders.

Capital Sculptures

• Corinthian style provided the inspiration for many Romanesque capitals.

Miscellaneous Facts

• the Majority of buildings used wooden roofs
• Ailses commonly had vaulted roofs in contrast to nave timber
• Wester sides often featured arched to windows and single central wheel window
• The common decorative feature in arcading for Semi and or circular shaped east ends

East endings

• Where square exists in English churches it probably exhibits Anglo-Saxon cultural influence.
• The Immaculate Conceptions Church of Cubao in the Philippines exhibits a circular construction with high rising interior

Gothic Architecure

• It became possible to construct increasingly gigantic edifices as architectural and structural technology advanced forward
• Rib vaults and flying pointed arches were used as solution in order to provide high building with natural light
• Characterized by its pointed features and elaborate tracery featuring stained glass

Amien Cathedreal and Chartes Cathedrals France are famous examples of Gothic Architecture

Renaissance Architecture

• Style characterized by a Rebirth of classic architecture and a revival of ancient roman architectural forms from italy
• Employed use of the column and round arch along with The tunnel vault and The dome
• Basic design element was The architectural order with an emphasis towards creating harmony between human proportions and a building
• Filippo Brunelleschi was one The early pioneer of Renaissance Architectural design as an italian architectural and enginner.
• The Construction of Florence's Cathedral Di Santa Maria Del Fiore saw Brunelleschi invent specialized building aids with the intent of constructing the structure

Architect Leon Battista Alberti

• Renaissance Architect Leon Battista Alberti stated the importance of painting in achitecture declaring such artistic mediums to be the basis towards further design.
• Declared Architecture was among the most notable art forms with an emphasis towards the art of buildings with his theoretical masterpiece, DE RE AEDIFICATORIA .

Classical Architecture

• Father of classical architecture Andrea Palladio's Four Books of Archetecture would serve as bases towards new archtecture.
• This would come to be defined as palladian achitecture and or the revivalism of the classical.

Baroque Architecture

• Characterized by its highly decorative forms and theatrical elements
• The style would become associated Catholic churches from the the reformation and protestant churches by implementing said features in the interiors
• Employed use of elements and ornamental themes that establish an artistic aesthetic.
• Structural elements were viewed more as decorative platforms intended to contrast light and dark interior design themes.

Stucco

• Cement-type, uses portland cement, lime and or water
• Has long twisting elements
• Ornamented with gold with the intent of heightening feelings of motion and sensuality.

Neo Classic architecture

• Arose as a classical movement and rebellion towards Late baroque architecture that sought pure and more atheistically true classical design elements

Beux art

• Premier french architecture that employed symmetrical and Italian renaissance forms
• Exhibits exterior design details that include quoins and balconies
• Consists of ornamental windows

Maximalism

• Neo classical forms derived inspiration from Ancient Rome and Greece to formal, maximalist themes.
• Maximallist design was high and later adapted to beaut arts
• The Palais Garnier in Paris, France - with architect Charles Garnier is an example of maximalist design

Characteristics of an Art Nouveau building

• Features Elegant lines with long, flowing organic designs
• Commonly with an emphasis towards a graceful, and or feminine aesthetic with ornamental presentation designs.
• To create anew style free of historical themes:
• Germany's "Jugendstil", Austria's "Sezession", italian "Still Liberty" style, and or Spain's style "Modernismo"
• Modern day Barcelona is an example of an Art noveau inspired city filled with works of modern architectural design

Art deco

• It implements french arts decoratif designs via usage of simple clean shapes with sleek streamline, and geometric forms.
• Emphasizes high usage of geometric and cubism styled design themes in addition to modern technology based materials.

Modern Architecture

• Has seen to the rise and influence of Master builders such Antoni Gaudi'

Antoni Guadi

• With works such as Sagrada Familia
• Declared the divine to be architects of the world and that the straight line belongs to man
• Louis Sullivan who's design principal of Form Following function would lead to sky scraper designs and designs with high usage of steel, concrete, with designs that were highly minimalist.

International styling

• Has served a base towards architectural modernism, with design elements of geometric planes, Bauhaus design philossophies to cube like forms

Modern Design Principles

Bauhaus "form of function" ideas influenced architects such as: -Walter gropious -Led Corbusier -Ludwig mies van der rohe

Modern Architechs

• Le Corbusier
• Had an emphasis toward international styling, Brutalist styles, cube like minimalist shapes and "skin and bones" elements that create modern art based building.
• Mies Van Der rohe on the other hand believed otherwise "Less is more" towards his styling
• 5 points of architecture: 1.) Piloti 2.) Ribbon windows 3.) Free plan 4.) Free facade 5.) gardens

Brazilian architectural scene and Oscal Niemeyer

• In brazil Oscal Niemeyer became The king of curves with a global movement to modernize brazil

Brutalist architecture

• Popularized through the 70s
• Utilized Betton brut, rough concrete as building materials along construction

Philippine contributions

• Leandro locsin and Ildefonso Santos who both had notable works as Philippine national artist
• Juan Nakpil with works such as the local national artist and P.A.B.LO San Antonio (1976) and his designs around ventilation.
• Francisco manosa pionerred designs of pre colonial themes
• Jose Maria V. Zaragoza contributed the modern design and skyline of national cities.