History of Architecture Overview

History of Architecture

• The text explores the historical timeline of architecture across diverse civilizations, including the Near East, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Islamic, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino civilizations.
• It highlights significant architectural structures, influences, and key turning points within each civilization's architectural development.

Egyptian Architecture

• Ancient Egyptian architecture is characterized by massive monuments, such as pyramids and temples, which reflect a powerful belief in the afterlife and the importance of the pharaohs.

Greek Architecture

• Greek architecture is distinguished by its use of columns and other decorative elements, such as pediments and friezes. It emphasized beauty and functionality, contributing to the development of the classical architectural style.

Roman Architecture

• Roman architecture is known for impressive feats of engineering, including aqueducts, roads, and baths. It adopted and advanced elements from Greek and Etruscan architectural traditions, developing innovative building materials and techniques.

Early Christian Architecture

• Early Christian architecture emerged around the 4th century AD, often converting pagan basilicas and temples for religious purposes. This style emphasized simplicity, basilica plan, and symbolic elements. Early Christian architecture was heavily influenced by Roman and Byzantine styles.

Byzantine Architecture

• Byzantine architecture, prevalent in the Byzantine Empire, utilized complex geometrical patterns, domes, and mosaics. It was highly influential in the development of later architectural styles, notably in Russia and the Balkans.

Romanesque Architecture

• Romanesque architecture flourished in Western Europe from the 11th to 13th centuries. It reflected a revival of classical Roman forms and the growing influence of the Catholic Church. This style is recognizable for its round arches, massive walls, and heavy vaulting.

Gothic Architecture

• Gothic architecture evolved in the 12th century, characterized by pointed arches, flying buttresses, and elaborate stained glass windows. It aimed to express religious ideals through grand scale and soaring verticality.

Renaissance Architecture

• Renaissance architecture began in Italy during the 14th century, marking a renewed interest in classical antiquity. This style championed symmetry, order, and a balanced approach to design. It favored the use of classical columns, arches, and other elements.

Islamic Architecture

• Islamic architecture developed across various regions from the 7th century onwards. It is known for its intricate geometric patterns, domes, minarets, and the use of Arabic calligraphy for decoration. The Alhambra in Granada (1338 to 1390 AD) is a prime example.

Indian Architecture

• Indian architecture, encompassing a rich tapestry of styles, was heavily influenced by both native and foreign influences, including Mesopotamian, Persian, Greek, Sassanian, Muslim, Portuguese, French, and English. Major religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, left their mark on architectural development.

Chinese Architecture

• Chinese architecture, with its intricate patterns and the use of wood, bamboo, and clay, is marked by its unique emphasis on harmony with nature. The Great Wall of China, built by the Qin dynasty in 221 BC, is a remarkable example of Chinese architectural innovation.

Japanese Architecture

• Japanese architecture, heavily influenced by Chinese architecture, emphasizes the use of wood, bamboo, and natural materials. It often features intricate details, traditional Japanese gardens, and a connection to nature.

Filipino Architecture

• Filipino architecture has been shaped by a multicultural heritage, combining influences from the indigenous population, the Spanish colonial period, and American influences. Filipino architecture is known for its blend of indigenous, Spanish, and American styles. The Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon stand as a testament to the engineering skills of early Filipinos.

The Great Wall of China

• Built by Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of China, in 221 BC.
• The Great Wall is a remarkable feat of engineering, stretching for 3700 miles, from the Pacific Ocean to the Gobi Desert, symbolizing the power and ingenuity of the Chinese civilization.

The Taj Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1653 AD)

• Built by Emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal.
• It took 11 years to build and 20,000 workers to complete the Taj Mahal, which is covered in white marble and set within a well-landscaped garden.

Architectural History in the Philippines

• The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,100 islands, situated in Southeast Asia.
• The country experiences a tropical climate with distinct dry and wet seasons, influenced by typhoons.
• The Philippines has a rich history of architecture, shaped by its diverse cultural influences, including Malay, Chinese, Spanish, and American.

Pre-Historic Architecture

• The earliest human habitation in the Philippines is evident through cave dwellings like Tabon Cave in Palawan (inhabited for 30,000 years) and ancient petroglyphs in Angono, Rizal.
• Tree houses, constructed up to 60 feet above the ground, were a unique defense mechanism against animals and human enemies.
• Lean-tos served as temporary shelters for hunting or food-gathering, made from light branches and fronds.
• The Bahay Kubo, or nipa hut, is a traditional Filipino dwelling characterized by its cube-shaped structure.
• It is well-adapted to the tropical climate, built with materials such as wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm leaves, cogon, and nipa.

Spanish Era Architecture

• The Bahay na Bato represents a significant evolution of the Bahay Kubo, incorporating Spanish influences.
• It features a steep, hip roof, post and lintel construction, and elevated living quarters.
• Specific elements within Spanish houses include zaguan, quadra, bodega, sala, comedor, cocina, dispensa, lettrina, baño, azotea, aljibe, and patio.

Spanish Churches

• Notable Spanish churches in the Philippines include the Taal Church in Batangas, Panay Church, Quiapo Church, San Agustin Church, and San Sebastian Church.
• San Sebastian Church is one of the first steel buildings in the Philippines, constructed with steel from Belgium.

Schools of Architecture

• The Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila, established in 1890, focused on training maestros de obras (master builders).
• The Liceo de Manila featured MO-P (Maestros de Obra-Practica) and MO-A (Maestros de Obra-Academia), both contributing to architectural education.
• The Mapua Institute of Architecture, founded in 1925, became the first dedicated school of architecture.
• Other notable schools of architecture include Adamson University and UST College of Architecture.

Organizations

• Organizations that promote architecture in the Philippines include the Philippine Architects Society, the Philippine Institute of Architects, and the League of Philippine Architects.