History of AI (1952-1980)

Questions and Answers

Which AI program was the first to solve mathematical problems?

ELIZA

Logic Theorist (correct)

WABOT 1

IBM Watson

What significant event in AI occurred in 1956?

First chatbot created

Introduction of LISP programming language

AI was coined as an academic field (correct)

IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion

What characterized the first AI winter from 1974 to 1980?

Rapid advancements in AI funding

Increased popularity of expert systems

Severe shortage of government funding and decreased interest (correct)

Emergence of intelligent agents

In what year did IBM Watson win jeopardy?

2011 Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of Weak AI?

Apple Siri Signup and view all the answers

What does Super AI refer to?

AI that thinks and performs tasks better than humans Signup and view all the answers

Which year marked the emergence of intelligent agents with IBM Deep Blue’s achievement?

1997 Signup and view all the answers

What programming language was invented during the early years of AI, particularly around 1956?

LISP Signup and view all the answers

What is a root node in a search tree?

The starting point of the search process. Signup and view all the answers

In search algorithms, what does optimality ensure?

The solution has the lowest path cost. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of uninformed search algorithms?

They operate without any knowledge beyond the tree structure. Signup and view all the answers

Which property ensures that a search algorithm will find a solution if one exists?

Completeness Signup and view all the answers

What does the transition model in a search algorithm do?

Details how actions change the state. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary data structure used for breadth-first search?

FIFO queue Signup and view all the answers

How does breadth-first search categorize the vertices of a graph?

Into visited and unvisited categories. Signup and view all the answers

What does path cost assign in search algorithms?

A numeric cost to the path from the root to the goal. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of the Depth First Search (DFS) algorithm?

Requires little memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Depth Limited Search algorithm?

Treats nodes at a depth limit as having no successors Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Uniform Cost Search?

It finds a path with the lowest cumulative cost Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of Depth Limited Search?

It may leave some possible solutions unexplored Signup and view all the answers

What leads to a potential infinite loop in the Uniform Cost Search algorithm?

An inconsiderate amount of steps Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search primarily useful?

For uninformed search with unknown goal depth Signup and view all the answers

What is a common condition of failure for Depth Limited Search?

The problem has no solution beyond the depth limit Signup and view all the answers

What does a priority queue do in the Uniform-Cost Search algorithm?

Prioritizes nodes with the lowest cumulative cost Signup and view all the answers

What does the Best First Search Algorithm prioritize during its execution?

Nodes that seem best at the current moment Signup and view all the answers

Which two lists are utilized in the Best First Search Algorithm to track the traversal?

Closed and Open lists Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature that A* Search Algorithm adds to traditional search methods?

Combining path costs with heuristic estimates Signup and view all the answers

When does the Hill Climbing Algorithm terminate?

When no neighbor has a higher value Signup and view all the answers

In what way does A* Search differ from Uniform Cost Search?

A* incorporates heuristic g(n) + h(n) for decisions Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is emphasized in the Greedy Best First Search Algorithm?

Immediate node selection based on current heuristics Signup and view all the answers

Which algorithm provides an optimal solution by minimizing the search tree expansion?

A* Search Algorithm Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Hill Climbing Algorithm?

It moves towards increasing values locally Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of the Bidirectional Search Algorithm?

It runs two simultaneous searches. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Bidirectional Search Algorithm?

It requires a goal state to be known in advance. Signup and view all the answers

How does a heuristic function assist an informed search algorithm?

By estimating the closeness to the goal. Signup and view all the answers

In heuristic search, what does h(n) represent?

The estimated cost to reach the goal state. Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of OPEN and CLOSED lists signify in pure heuristic search?

A method of tracking unvisited nodes and already expanded nodes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the objective of using heuristics in searching?

They help narrow down search paths quickly. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of heuristic functions is highlighted in the content?

They assist in estimating the path cost. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant downside of informed search algorithms?

They can be complicated to implement. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Birth of AI (1952-1956)

The first AI program, Logic Theorist, solved 38 out of 52 mathematical problems in 1955.
The term "Artificial Intelligence" was established as an academic field in 1956.
Development of high-level programming languages, including LISP.

Golden Years of AI (1956 - 1974)

ELIZA, the first chatbot, was introduced in 1966.
WABOT 1, the first humanoid robot, was created in 1972.

First AI Winter (1974 - 1980)

Experienced a significant reduction in government funding for AI research.
Public and commercial interest in AI declined sharply.

AI Boom (1980 - 1987)

Introduction of expert systems capable of decision-making started in 1980.
The first national conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford in 1980.

Second AI Winter (1987 - 1993)

Investment dwindled, particularly relevant to projects like XCON.

Emergence of Intelligent Agents (1993 - 2011)

IBM's Deep Blue defeated the world chess champion in 1997.
The Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner was launched in 2002.
AI features became prevalent on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter by 2006.

Deep Learning and Big Data (2011 - Present)

IBM Watson won the quiz show Jeopardy! in 2011.
Google Now, an intelligent personal assistant, was launched in 2012.
Eugene Goostman purportedly passed the Turing test in 2014.
Project Debater was developed in 2018, showcasing advanced conversational capabilities.
Google's Duplex could make appointments over the phone, undetected as non-human.

Types of AI based on Capabilities

Weak AI (Narrow AI): Focuses on specific tasks, examples include Apple Siri and self-driving cars.
General AI: Aims to emulate human-like intelligence; currently non-existent and under research.
Super AI: Hypothetical AI that surpasses human capabilities in virtually every aspect.

Types of AI based on Functionality

Search Tree: Representation of search problems with root nodes and leaf nodes indicating goal states.
Transition Model: Describes the effect of actions taken by agents in environments.
Path Cost: Numeric cost assigned to different paths in the search process.
Solution: A sequence of actions leading from the start node to the goal node.
Optimal Solution: The most cost-effective path among all solutions.

Properties of Search Algorithms

Completeness: Ensures a solution exists for any arbitrary input.
Optimality: Refers to finding the solution with the minimum path cost.
Time Complexity: Time taken by an algorithm to reach a solution.
Space Complexity: Maximum storage required by the algorithm during its execution.

Uninformed Search Algorithms

Operate without prior information about the search space.

Breadth-First Search (BFS)

Explores nodes level by level, using a FIFO queue structure.
Marks nodes as visited to avoid cycles.

Depth First Search (DFS)

Less memory-intensive as it only requires a stack, but may not guarantee finding a solution.

Uniform Cost Search

Finds the lowest cumulative cost path from the root to the goal node using a priority queue.

Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search

Combines benefits of BFS and DFS, expanding depth limits progressively.

Bidirectional Search

Conducts two simultaneous searches (forward and backward) to meet at a common node, improving efficiency.

Informed Search Algorithms

Utilize heuristics to guide the search process towards promising paths.

Heuristic Function

Estimates how close a given state is to the goal, denoted as h(n).

Best First Search Algorithm

Selects the most promising path based on immediate heuristic estimates.

A* Search Algorithm

Combines features of Uniform Cost Search and Best First Search for an efficient solution path using both g(n) (cost to reach a node) and h(n) (estimated cost to goal).

Hill Climbing Theorem

A local search algorithm that continuously moves toward increasing value until the peak (or solution) is reached, stopping when no neighboring values are higher.

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Description

Explore the pivotal years in the birth and evolution of Artificial Intelligence from 1952 to the first AI winter in 1980. This quiz covers key milestones such as the creation of the Logic Theorist, the first chatbot ELIZA, and the development of high-level programming languages like LISP. Test your knowledge about the rise and challenges faced by AI during these formative years.