Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which AI program was the first to solve mathematical problems?
Which AI program was the first to solve mathematical problems?
- ELIZA
- Logic Theorist (correct)
- WABOT 1
- IBM Watson
What significant event in AI occurred in 1956?
What significant event in AI occurred in 1956?
- First chatbot created
- Introduction of LISP programming language
- AI was coined as an academic field (correct)
- IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion
What characterized the first AI winter from 1974 to 1980?
What characterized the first AI winter from 1974 to 1980?
- Rapid advancements in AI funding
- Increased popularity of expert systems
- Severe shortage of government funding and decreased interest (correct)
- Emergence of intelligent agents
In what year did IBM Watson win jeopardy?
In what year did IBM Watson win jeopardy?
Which of these is an example of Weak AI?
Which of these is an example of Weak AI?
What does Super AI refer to?
What does Super AI refer to?
Which year marked the emergence of intelligent agents with IBM Deep Blue’s achievement?
Which year marked the emergence of intelligent agents with IBM Deep Blue’s achievement?
What programming language was invented during the early years of AI, particularly around 1956?
What programming language was invented during the early years of AI, particularly around 1956?
What is a root node in a search tree?
What is a root node in a search tree?
In search algorithms, what does optimality ensure?
In search algorithms, what does optimality ensure?
What is a primary characteristic of uninformed search algorithms?
What is a primary characteristic of uninformed search algorithms?
Which property ensures that a search algorithm will find a solution if one exists?
Which property ensures that a search algorithm will find a solution if one exists?
What does the transition model in a search algorithm do?
What does the transition model in a search algorithm do?
What is the primary data structure used for breadth-first search?
What is the primary data structure used for breadth-first search?
How does breadth-first search categorize the vertices of a graph?
How does breadth-first search categorize the vertices of a graph?
What does path cost assign in search algorithms?
What does path cost assign in search algorithms?
What is a primary advantage of the Depth First Search (DFS) algorithm?
What is a primary advantage of the Depth First Search (DFS) algorithm?
Which of the following describes the Depth Limited Search algorithm?
Which of the following describes the Depth Limited Search algorithm?
What characterizes Uniform Cost Search?
What characterizes Uniform Cost Search?
Which of the following is a limitation of Depth Limited Search?
Which of the following is a limitation of Depth Limited Search?
What leads to a potential infinite loop in the Uniform Cost Search algorithm?
What leads to a potential infinite loop in the Uniform Cost Search algorithm?
In which scenario is Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search primarily useful?
In which scenario is Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search primarily useful?
What is a common condition of failure for Depth Limited Search?
What is a common condition of failure for Depth Limited Search?
What does a priority queue do in the Uniform-Cost Search algorithm?
What does a priority queue do in the Uniform-Cost Search algorithm?
What does the Best First Search Algorithm prioritize during its execution?
What does the Best First Search Algorithm prioritize during its execution?
Which two lists are utilized in the Best First Search Algorithm to track the traversal?
Which two lists are utilized in the Best First Search Algorithm to track the traversal?
What is the main feature that A* Search Algorithm adds to traditional search methods?
What is the main feature that A* Search Algorithm adds to traditional search methods?
When does the Hill Climbing Algorithm terminate?
When does the Hill Climbing Algorithm terminate?
In what way does A* Search differ from Uniform Cost Search?
In what way does A* Search differ from Uniform Cost Search?
Which aspect is emphasized in the Greedy Best First Search Algorithm?
Which aspect is emphasized in the Greedy Best First Search Algorithm?
Which algorithm provides an optimal solution by minimizing the search tree expansion?
Which algorithm provides an optimal solution by minimizing the search tree expansion?
What is a key characteristic of the Hill Climbing Algorithm?
What is a key characteristic of the Hill Climbing Algorithm?
What is a primary advantage of the Bidirectional Search Algorithm?
What is a primary advantage of the Bidirectional Search Algorithm?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Bidirectional Search Algorithm?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Bidirectional Search Algorithm?
How does a heuristic function assist an informed search algorithm?
How does a heuristic function assist an informed search algorithm?
In heuristic search, what does h(n) represent?
In heuristic search, what does h(n) represent?
What does the presence of OPEN and CLOSED lists signify in pure heuristic search?
What does the presence of OPEN and CLOSED lists signify in pure heuristic search?
Which statement accurately describes the objective of using heuristics in searching?
Which statement accurately describes the objective of using heuristics in searching?
What characteristic of heuristic functions is highlighted in the content?
What characteristic of heuristic functions is highlighted in the content?
What is one significant downside of informed search algorithms?
What is one significant downside of informed search algorithms?
Study Notes
Birth of AI (1952-1956)
- The first AI program, Logic Theorist, solved 38 out of 52 mathematical problems in 1955.
- The term "Artificial Intelligence" was established as an academic field in 1956.
- Development of high-level programming languages, including LISP.
Golden Years of AI (1956 - 1974)
- ELIZA, the first chatbot, was introduced in 1966.
- WABOT 1, the first humanoid robot, was created in 1972.
First AI Winter (1974 - 1980)
- Experienced a significant reduction in government funding for AI research.
- Public and commercial interest in AI declined sharply.
AI Boom (1980 - 1987)
- Introduction of expert systems capable of decision-making started in 1980.
- The first national conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford in 1980.
Second AI Winter (1987 - 1993)
- Investment dwindled, particularly relevant to projects like XCON.
Emergence of Intelligent Agents (1993 - 2011)
- IBM's Deep Blue defeated the world chess champion in 1997.
- The Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner was launched in 2002.
- AI features became prevalent on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter by 2006.
Deep Learning and Big Data (2011 - Present)
- IBM Watson won the quiz show Jeopardy! in 2011.
- Google Now, an intelligent personal assistant, was launched in 2012.
- Eugene Goostman purportedly passed the Turing test in 2014.
- Project Debater was developed in 2018, showcasing advanced conversational capabilities.
- Google's Duplex could make appointments over the phone, undetected as non-human.
Types of AI based on Capabilities
- Weak AI (Narrow AI): Focuses on specific tasks, examples include Apple Siri and self-driving cars.
- General AI: Aims to emulate human-like intelligence; currently non-existent and under research.
- Super AI: Hypothetical AI that surpasses human capabilities in virtually every aspect.
Types of AI based on Functionality
- Search Tree: Representation of search problems with root nodes and leaf nodes indicating goal states.
- Transition Model: Describes the effect of actions taken by agents in environments.
- Path Cost: Numeric cost assigned to different paths in the search process.
- Solution: A sequence of actions leading from the start node to the goal node.
- Optimal Solution: The most cost-effective path among all solutions.
Properties of Search Algorithms
- Completeness: Ensures a solution exists for any arbitrary input.
- Optimality: Refers to finding the solution with the minimum path cost.
- Time Complexity: Time taken by an algorithm to reach a solution.
- Space Complexity: Maximum storage required by the algorithm during its execution.
Uninformed Search Algorithms
- Operate without prior information about the search space.
Breadth-First Search (BFS)
- Explores nodes level by level, using a FIFO queue structure.
- Marks nodes as visited to avoid cycles.
Depth First Search (DFS)
- Less memory-intensive as it only requires a stack, but may not guarantee finding a solution.
Uniform Cost Search
- Finds the lowest cumulative cost path from the root to the goal node using a priority queue.
Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search
- Combines benefits of BFS and DFS, expanding depth limits progressively.
Bidirectional Search
- Conducts two simultaneous searches (forward and backward) to meet at a common node, improving efficiency.
Informed Search Algorithms
- Utilize heuristics to guide the search process towards promising paths.
Heuristic Function
- Estimates how close a given state is to the goal, denoted as h(n).
Best First Search Algorithm
- Selects the most promising path based on immediate heuristic estimates.
A* Search Algorithm
- Combines features of Uniform Cost Search and Best First Search for an efficient solution path using both g(n) (cost to reach a node) and h(n) (estimated cost to goal).
Hill Climbing Theorem
- A local search algorithm that continuously moves toward increasing value until the peak (or solution) is reached, stopping when no neighboring values are higher.
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Description
Explore the pivotal years in the birth and evolution of Artificial Intelligence from 1952 to the first AI winter in 1980. This quiz covers key milestones such as the creation of the Logic Theorist, the first chatbot ELIZA, and the development of high-level programming languages like LISP. Test your knowledge about the rise and challenges faced by AI during these formative years.
