History, Grade 6

• These are study notes for History, Grade 6.

Defining History

• History describes past events and details of people who lived in the past.
• The lesson will cover history, learning history and understanding history.

Studying History

• There are instances where one may not have first-hand knowledge of past events.
• History can be learned through literary and archaeological sources.
• Literary sources include written records like old books and folktales.
• Archaeological sources include remaining artifacts like old articles, building constructions, and ruins.

Examples of Archaeological and Literary Sources

• Human skeletons
• Various items left after food consumption are examples of archaeological sources.
• Deepawamsa is a literary source composed in the 4th century AD with an unknown author.
• Mahawamsa is a literary source from the 5th century AD by Mahanama Thero.
• Galvihara in Polonnaruwa is an archaeological source from the 12th century AD by King Parakramabahu I.

Benefits of Learning History

• Lessons from the past can be used to improve the present.
• Understanding history helps in understanding how things came to exist today.
• Writing scripts in Sri Lanka has a history of about 2,250 years.

Measuring Time in History

• It is important to measure time accurately when studying history.
• Methods to measure the time of history include Before Christ (B.C.) and Anno Domini (A.D.).
• B.C. refers to the time period before the birth of Jesus Christ.
• A.D. refers to the time period after the birth of Jesus Christ.
• Arahat Mahinda Thero arrived in Sri Lanka 250 years before the birth of Jesus Christ, which is considered 250 B.C.
• King Mahasen started reigning Sri Lanka 274 years after the birth of Jesus Christ, which is considered 274 A.D.
• Buddhist years and Saka years may be used to show the time.
• Buddhist years start since the demise of the Lord Buddha, or Maha Parinibbana
• General belief is that it happened 544 years before the birth of Jesus Christ, or 544 B.C.
• The system of Saka years started in 78 A.D. by King Gauthamiputhra Sathakarni.
• The Hijri year method started in 622 A.D., when Prophet Mohammad arrived in the city of Madeena from Mecca.
• Archaeological excavation involves digging the earth to find soil layers and items from the past.

Important Historical Times

• Sri Lanka became an independent country in 1948 A.D.
• The beginning of King Mahasen's rule was in 274 A.D.
• The beginning of King Vasabha's rule was in 67 A.D.
• The birth of Jesus Christ was in 1 A.D.
• The demise of Lord Buddha occurred in 544 B.C.

Ancient Man

• The lesson will cover the formation of the earth and origin of species.
• The Earth is a planet that originated 4,540 million years ago.
• The Earth was formed from a cloud of dust known as a 'nebula'.
• Its temperature is about 6,000 degrees of Celsius.
• 'Lava' pours out from the elements in the central part of the earth when volcanoes erupt.

Origin of Earth and Origin of Life

• 'Prokaryote Bacteria' appeared on Earth 2,500 million years ago.
• A fossilized mark of a creature called 'Opabinia' was discovered in Canada which is between 4 cm and 7 cm.
• First species in the world originated in water and later came to land.
• Creatures similar to millipedes appeared on land during 'The Silurian' era 420 million years ago.
• Plants spread on the land during 'The Paleozoic' era 542 million years ago.

The Evolution of Ancient Man

• Man is more unique than other animals because of technology, language, and performing arts.
• Man originated from a generation of apes.
• The earth was extremely cold 2.5 million years ago during 'The Great Ice Age'.
• Chimpanzees in Africa started shaping themselves differently and adapted to the coldness.
• Human evolution is the process where man evolved from a chimpanzee during the Great Ice Age.
• The climate of the Great Ice Age influenced the evolution of a human generation from an ape generation.
• Humans had the ability to walk on two feet.
• They also used tools and fire.

Stone Tools and fire

• Australopithecus lived 3.8 million years ago and walked on two feet.
• Homo Habilis made more advanced tools out of stones.
• Homo Habilis means 'capable man'.
• Homo Habilis lived 2.3 - 1.4 million years ago.
• Evidence of man using fire for the first time was found in Israel dating back 790,000 years.
• 'Homo Erectus' first used fire and lived 1,800 million years ago.

Human Development

• ‘Homo Neanderthalensis' lived 600,000 years ago, built houses out of bones, ate cooked vegetables, and was a good hunter.
• Man experienced bodily changes from ape form over time, with gradual brain development.
• The development of a language to express ideas, and arts such as dancing, music and painting were invented ~100,000 years ago.
• The particular type of man who discovered sophisticated things is known as 'Homo Sapien', and considered a close relative.

The Cultural Evolution of Man

• Cultural evolution is an ongoing fact when humans evolve through stone tools.
• Stone tools, dwellings, and food underwent changes.
• Man's cultural progress is divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic eras.

Paleolithic Era

• People lived and encamped in different places as groups
• Groups had a few families consisting of 20 to 30 members in each
• Custom of performing funeral rites was introduced
• Red ochre was used to make colors for skeletons Barter system developed where red ochre was not abundant
• Small populations
• Live by hunting and gathering food while roaming
• Drawing pictures and making figures out of stones at the latter end of the Paleolithic Era

Mesolithic Era

• Started in different time periods
• Started in a time period between 20,000 and 18,000 years ago As in the Paleolithic Era, man in Era lives in different countries by hunting and gathering Hunting with bows and arrows
• Eating nuts leaves and yams instead of hunting for food
• Staying for a long time one place
• Able to build houses using sticks and leaves of trees
• Draw pictures on rock surfaces using different colors

Neolithic Era

• Started about nine thousand years ago.
• Man started several important activities.
• Starting agriculture was the most prominent among the activities
• Cultivating grains such as wheat, barley, paddy, and kurakkan (finger millet). Animal and animal husbandry
• Discovering iron
• Able to make tools out of iron instead of stones
• Living in one place which will develop to villages.
• Worshipping gods
• Religious activities starting in Era.

Beginning of Agriculture

• There were new climatic conditions starting (the Holocene Era), approximately 12000 years ago
• People started farming, taming livestock, finding and using iron and utilizing it.
• Cultivation location depended on region. -Paddy in China
• Wheat in the Mediterranean
• Maize in Central America
• Living in one place to build houses due to farming
• Man started building villages since 6000 BC
• Learning to cultivate becomes important achievements
• Variety of grains were propagated and tools were made for agricultural activity
• As a result of farming people have free time for paint.
• Origin in Water and Spread on Land Later.

Ancient Civilizations in the World

• The lesson will cover the definition of civilizations of man and how man differs from other animals.
• After starting to build cities, the civilization of man occurred.
• Some villagers became wealthy leading led to a division of the society and poor were the key factors of making villages

Factors for Building a civilization

• Construction of houses made walls with stones with constructing streets, and walls that led to cities and those who live become citizens.
• Cities of civilization cities practiced practices by writing scripts and built places.
• The world in different eras and built civilizations with Mesopotamian, Nile River Valley and hwang.

Expansion of Civilizations

• A civilization is a process which reflects man's progress.
• Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Indus River Valley civilizations are necessary to understand what civilization is.
• In the Hwang-ho civilization, Gun powder, compass, paper were introduced
• In the Maya Civilation, the river rubber ball was produced.

Mesopotamian Civilization

• Developed between of Euphrates River
• Civilization was in between five thousand years
• Farmers were enaged in Agriculture
• Those areas used water to canals
• Farmers plough grnd with the help of animals to make it and Mammoties
• Grains, fruits, vegetables were planted

Mesopotamian god

• Head group of gods was to worship nature, wind floods to nature
• Each god was to each city
• Priests held a respectful position

Mesopotamian vessel

• Able to trade travel in ship
• Itams like food, drinks carries on ships
• Assyrians were good trade
• Good in Engaged trade where they care on th backs of donkey

Mesopotamian Scripts and society

• Was divide in to four class people which the best in first people had gold
• Priests who did religious activities
• Cuneiform, the olden script in the world
• Story call Gilgamesh, live in Mesopotamia

Indus River Valley Civilization

• Developed in river of North Eastern regionIndia Civilization which includes Aghanistan parts of india
• It reached highest Development between 2600 ad 1900
• Lived used of copper, bronze, lead Lived in Houses made of clay Very developed system of water pipes Cities where well planned system

Indus four main cities

• Mohenjo Daro
• Harappa
• Kalibangan
• Dholavira
• There sculptures of which means esteem head band eyes what means priest

Egyptian Valley

• Egypt Lower Part of River on The Nile
• 3150 BC Was Rule by pharaods long period of time
• People Where Agriculture use by System
• Pyramids they make great
• Combine figures with things by names Picotgramz
• Qeen one most and that

Stone Age Culture and People

• They can live caves
• The tools they use where made by the stone age
• Buried bodies with curve and red bodies

The Arrival of King Vijaya and the Expansion of Settlements

• Developed of pot tools.
• farming was around then
• A plate called, where used a grinding areas was
• Built House thatch roofs to houses
• Practising of technology.

our brave kings

• Ruler to be virtuous any country the ocean by in ocean
• Saw ocean by sailors
• Knew by names beauty trade
• Rulled as independent with worked good

King Pandukabhaya

• He was a intelligent prince which
• Hard childhood obstacles
• To make his country well created
• Anuradhapura
• City was named
• Anuradhapura
• Construct moat
• Construct system to connect
• He was intelligent
• Servant was
• Sanitation
• Graveyards
• Hospital made
• Religious place to create places for people

King Devanampiyatissa

• King Mutaseewa was the father
• Two sisters of King Devanampiyatissa Tissa name become king
• King during, Emperor
• Ashoka to meet emporio, king of Ashoka for

King Arahath and Buddha

• The Bhikkus group that with king intelligent
• Garden king offer to Mahinda other things by made them like hall
• Thuparama where didnu get help
• Gave the shapes to the built up
• Other like the Dagebas was build

Key facts about King Dutugemunu

• His father was king kavantissa
• mother was vihara maha devi
• Had a brother named tisa
• Ruled Magama
• He decided when he was old enough to rule Anuradhapura

Details on king Elara

• Anuradhapura was ruled by king called elara
• Elara came form chola country
• Collect income that receive the ocean from trade and agricultural
• he was a righteuos king
• he took step for the pagoda.

facts on king valagamba

• Another great ruler known for, King Saddathissa was also know as his father.
• Was the Father, with the historical source and great brave and strong will king.
• King great work was abygiriya stupia, to provide good for monkes and for his great and effort great Buddhist
• He transformed the world into great writer great ruler.

Key actions by kind vasabha

• Was a greater known people by the best leader with service for people very
• King where building very like and had build
• The tanks names a large canals with the support as a president on the top.

key facts about the book

• King most used carry water that support system for ground the water
• Water to bathing ponds too make city beautiful great
• The city also divide by the land area for them
• Was to the area is jaffna.

Study notes for History, Grade 6. The notes cover defining history, learning history, and understanding history. It also covers literary and archeological sources like Deepawamsa, Mahawamsa and Galvihara in Polonnaruwa