Questions and Answers
What was Karakorum?
The central Asian capital of the Mongols
Who created the largest empire of all time?
Mongols
What was the result of the invasions of the nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries?
Facilitated greater cross cultural communication and integration
The Turkish peoples formed a single, homogeneous group.
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What kind of environment does Central Asia have?
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What were yurts?
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What is Kumiss?
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A lack of trading opportunities limited the development of Central Asian societies.
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What type of class structure did nomadic societies typically exhibit?
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What was the noble class like in nomadic society?
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What was the earliest religion of the Turkish peoples?
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Hinduism became popular among the nomadic Turkish tribes.
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In the tenth century, what religion did the Turks near the Abbasid Empire begin to convert to?
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On what was the political power of the khans based?
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What was the basis of Turkish military might?
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What does the term Sultan mean?
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What happened in 1055 with Tugril Beg?
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At Manzikert in 1071, the Saljuq Turks won an important victory over whom?
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Who was the Ghaznavid Turkish Leader that raided and plundered India in the eleventh century?
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What inspired Mahmud of Ghazni's incursions into India?
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What did the Delhi sultans claim?
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In 1206, whom did the Mongols give the title Chinggis Khan?
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What action did Chinggis Khan take to strengthen the Mongol fighting forces?
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At its height, how large was Chinggis Khan's army?
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After 1215, where was the Mongol capital in China?
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Why did Chinggis Khan send troops into Persia in 1219?
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Where did the Chaghatai khans rule?
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What dynasty did Khubilai Khan proclaim in 1279?
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Who spent almost twenty years at the court of Khubilai Khan?
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What was Khubilai Khan's religious policy?
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Khubilai Khan had little success when he tried to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan.
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What was notable about the Mongol naval campaign against Japan in 1281?
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Who dominated Russia from the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries?
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Who established the Mongol ilkhanate in Persia in 1258?
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What did the Mongols forbid the Chinese from doing during their rule?
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What was the role of Lamaist Buddhist leaders concerning the Mongols?
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What happened to long distance trade during the period of Mongol domination?
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The Mongols brought about greater integration among Eurasian people through a common state religion.
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What led to the rapid decline of the Ilkhanate in Persia in the 1290s?
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What was the devastation wrought by the bubonic plague's role in the collapse of the Yuan dynasty?
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Who was the late 14th century Turkish ruler who weakened the Golden Horde and sacked Delhi?
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What was the capital of Tamerlane's empire?
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Who was the founder of the Ottoman Turks?
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Study Notes
Mongol Empire and Central Asia
- Karakorum served as the central capital for the Mongols, highlighting the significance of their governance.
- The Mongols established the largest empire in history, showcasing their expansive conquests and influence.
- Invasions by nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes between the 11th and 15th centuries enhanced cultural exchange and communication across regions.
- Central Asian societies did not develop homogeneously due to the diverse and fragmented nature of the Turkish peoples.
Environment and Lifestyle
- The environment of Central Asia presents challenges for agriculture, characterized by insufficient rainfall for large-scale farming.
- Nomadic Turks primarily lived in yurts, which are portable tents suited for their migratory lifestyle.
- Kumiss, an alcoholic beverage made from fermented mare's milk, was commonly consumed among the nomadic tribes.
Social Structure and Religion
- Nomadic societies displayed a fluid class structure, allowing individuals to rise and fall in social status.
- The noble class within these societies also exhibited mobility, providing pathways for individuals to gain or lose status.
- Shamanism was the earliest known religion among Turkish peoples, with later conversions to Islam beginning in the 10th century near the Abbasid Empire.
- Hinduism did not gain popularity among nomadic Turkish tribes, contrasting with the rise of Islam.
Military and Political Developments
- Political authority among khans relied on indirect governance through allied tribal leaders, reflecting a decentralized power structure.
- Military prowess was largely based on cavalry forces, emphasizing the importance of mounted combat in Turkish military strategy.
- The term "Sultan," meaning "chieftain," arose as a title of authority during this period, with Tugril Beg recognized as sultan by the Abbasid caliph in 1055.
- The Saljuq Turks achieved a significant military victory over the Byzantines at Manzikert in 1071.
Expansion and Influence of the Mongols
- Mahmud of Ghazni, a Ghaznavid Turkish leader, gained notoriety for plundering India in the 11th century, driven by his desire for wealth.
- The Delhi sultans declared authority over all of northern India, expanding Islamic influence in the region.
- In 1206, Temujin was given the title "Chinggis Khan," or "universal ruler," marking the foundation of the Mongol Empire.
- Chinggis Khan restructured military units by removing tribal affiliations to enhance loyalty and effectiveness.
Territorial Control and Activities
- The Mongol capital in China shifted to Khanbaliq after 1215, a key administrative center for the empire.
- The incursion into Persia in 1219 was a direct retaliation for the Khwarazm shah's actions against Mongol envoys.
- The Chaghatai khans governed Central Asia, reinforcing Mongol dominance in the region.
- Khubilai Khan proclaimed the Yuan dynasty in 1279, transitioning Chinese governance.
Cultural Exchange and Conquests
- Marco Polo spent nearly two decades at Khubilai Khan’s court, signifying the cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia.
- Khubilai Khan promoted a diverse religious policy, supporting Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity, and Islam.
- Mongol military campaigns struggled with conquests in Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan, illustrating limitations in their reach.
Economic and Social Impact
- The Mongol naval expedition against Japan in 1281 marked one of the largest seaborne military operations before World War II.
- The Golden Horde dominated Russia from the 13th to the 15th centuries, affecting the region's development.
- The establishment of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia by Hulegu in 1258 was a pivotal moment in regional control.
- Under Mongol rule in China, a ban on Mongol language instruction was imposed on the Chinese populace.
Decline and Legacy
- Long-distance trade became less hazardous due to the stability provided by Mongol control, fostering economic interactions.
- Despite their integration efforts, the Mongols did not establish a common state religion across their empire.
- The Ilkhanate faced rapid decline in the 1290s due to the introduction of paper money, leading to economic instability.
- The devastation from the bubonic plague contributed significantly to the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in the 14th century.
- Tamerlane, in the late 14th century, weakened the Golden Horde and launched campaigns in India and Southwest Asia.
- Samarkand emerged as the capital of Tamerlane's empire, reflecting its importance as a cultural and economic center.
- Osman is recognized as the founder of the Ottoman Turks, marking the beginning of a powerful dynasty in the region.
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Description
Test your knowledge on significant events and terms from Chapter 18 of history. This quiz covers the Mongols, their empire, and the impact of Turkish and Mongol invasions on cultural communication. Perfect for students needing to reinforcement their understanding of central Asian history.
