History Chapter 15 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the two cultural transformations that will be the focus of this chapter?

The scientific revolution and the spreading of Christianity.

Who was Martin Luther? What were the 95 Theses? And what was the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther was a German priest who challenged the Catholic Church's practices. The 95 Theses outlined his complaints against indulgences. The Protestant Reformation was a movement initiated by Luther's ideas that led to the split of the Catholic Church.

Why was the printing press important to the spread of Reformation ideas?

The printing press allowed for the mass production of pamphlets, which helped disseminate Luther's ideas and translated versions of the Bible.

What are some key differences between Catholicism and Protestantism?

Catholics follow the pope and believe in the Seven Sacraments, while Protestants believe individuals should read the Bible and that salvation is achievable through faith alone. Signup and view all the answers

What was the cause of the Thirty Years' War? How was it resolved?

The Thirty Years' War was a struggle between Catholics and Protestants. It was resolved by the Peace of Westphalia, which reshuffled territorial boundaries and allowed each territory to control its own religious affairs. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

The purpose was to reaffirm Catholic principles and correct the abuses and corruption arising from the Protestant Reformation. Signup and view all the answers

What was the long-term impact of the Scientific Revolution?

It fundamentally altered ideas about humanity's place in the cosmos and eroded religious belief and practice in the West, particularly among the educated. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic World?

The independence of European universities allowed scholars to study freely, and Europe was able to draw on other cultures, especially the knowledge of the Islamic world. Signup and view all the answers

What new understandings about the world came out of the Scientific Revolution? What scientists were associated with each of these ideas?

Copernicus proposed that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the solar system; Kepler described planets' elliptical orbits; Galileo improved the telescope; Newton established laws of motion and gravity. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Scientific Revolution? Why?

The Catholic Church felt threatened by the revolution's challenges to its authority and teachings, leading to actions against prominent scientists like Bruno and Galileo. Signup and view all the answers

What was the European Enlightenment?

It was a period when reason and logic were applied to human affairs, with Enlightenment thinkers questioning tradition and authority. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the idea of progress was thought about during the Enlightenment.

It was believed that human society could be changed and improved by human action guided by reason. Signup and view all the answers

How does cultural borrowing create tensions? Give an example. What are some ways in which these tensions can be eased?

Cultural borrowing can create tensions when foreign ideas contradict native beliefs, such as Islam encountering polytheism. Tensions can be eased by 'domesticating' foreign ideas to make them seem local. Signup and view all the answers

What do you think was the most important idea to come out of this time period?

Opinions may vary, but many would argue that the notion of applying reason and logic to human affairs was one of the most crucial ideas. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cultural Transformations

Two significant cultural transformations: the scientific revolution and the spread of Christianity.

Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther: German priest driven by concerns over his salvation and relationship with God.
The 95 Theses: A document with questions and criticisms aimed at the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences.
The Protestant Reformation: A movement sparked by Luther's ideas that led to a split in the Catholic Church, establishing Protestantism based on faith alone.

Importance of the Printing Press

The printing press enabled the mass production of pamphlets, facilitating widespread dissemination of Luther’s ideas.
Translations of the Bible into German made religious texts accessible to a broader audience.

Catholicism vs. Protestantism

Catholics adhere to the authority of the pope and practice the Seven Sacraments.
Protestants emphasize personal Bible reading and a direct relationship with God, asserting salvation through faith alone.

Thirty Years' War

A destructive conflict between Catholics and Protestants, resulting in a significant population decline in Germany (15-30% due to violence, famine, or disease).
Resolved by the Peace of Westphalia, which allowed territories to manage their own religious affairs and reshuffled political boundaries.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

Aimed to reaffirm Catholic principles and address abuses highlighted by the Protestant Reformation.

Long-term Impact of the Scientific Revolution

Altered perceptions of humanity's place in the cosmos and diminished religious authority and belief, particularly among educated populations in the West.

Factors for the Scientific Revolution in Europe

Independence of European universities facilitated scholarly pursuits free from church or state control.
Utilization of knowledge from the Islamic world, including translations of Aristotle and new ideas following the Columbian Exchange.

Key Scientific Discoveries

Copernicus: Proposed a heliocentric model with the sun at the center of the solar system.
Kepler: Demonstrated that planets follow elliptical orbits.
Galileo: Improved the telescope, discovered sunspots and Jupiter's moons.
Newton: Developed laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Catholic Church's Response to the Scientific Revolution

Viewed the Scientific Revolution as a threat to its teachings and authority.
Notable actions included the execution of Giordano Bruno and the forced renunciation of beliefs by Galileo.

The European Enlightenment

A period characterized by the application of reason and logic to improve human life, questioning traditions and authority.

Enlightenment Perspective on Progress

Progress was conceived as the potential to change and enhance human society through rational human actions.

Cultural Borrowing and Tensions

Cultural borrowing can create contradictions, e.g., Islamic teachings conflicting with local polytheistic beliefs.
Tensions may be mitigated by 'domesticating' foreign ideas, blending them with local customs.

Significant Ideas of the Time

Emphasis on the scientific method and the concept of constitutional government were pivotal advancements during this period.

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Description

Review key concepts from Chapter 15, focusing on the scientific revolution and the spread of Christianity. Explore the pivotal role of figures like Martin Luther and understand their impact on religious transformations. Test your knowledge with these flashcards.