History and Politics of European Integration
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Which territory was awarded autonomy as a result of the peace treaty of Saint Stefano?

  • Bosnia
  • Bulgaria (correct)
  • Serbia
  • Montenegro

    • What significant event occurred during the 1908 crisis involving Serbia and the Ottoman Empire?

  • Bosnia became part of the Austria-Hungarian Empire. (correct)
  • The Ottoman Empire regained control of Bulgaria.
  • Montenegro declared independence.
  • Serbia gained control of Kosovo.

    • Which major outcome occurred as a result of the Berlin Conference in June 1878?

  • Montenegro was annexed by Rumania.
  • Serbia lost its independence.
  • Bulgaria was unified into one independent state.
  • The territorial division of Bulgaria was established. (correct)

    • What was the conclusion of the peace treaty of Bucharest on August 10, 1913?

    <p>Resolution of conflicts stemming from the Balkan wars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country’s territory was granted to Russia as per the treaty of Saint Stefano?

    <p>Southern Bessarabia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which date marks the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty?

    <p>1st November 1993</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a primary aim of the Maastricht Treaty?

    <p>Development of a European Defense Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the convergence criteria established by the Maastricht Treaty for EMU?

    <p>An inflation rate no higher than 3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many countries initially signed the Maastricht Treaty?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treaty followed the Maastricht Treaty in the evolution of the European Union?

    <p>The Treaty of Amsterdam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Common Foreign and Security Policy created by the Maastricht Treaty?

    <p>To enhance diplomatic relations and security measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options was established as part of the Maastricht Treaty?

    <p>The European Central Bank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key aspects of the Maastricht Treaty related to economic stability?

    <p>A public deficit not exceeding 3% of GDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treaties is directly associated with the enlargement of the European Union following the Maastricht Treaty?

    <p>The Treaty of Nice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action did the EU take in response to the financial crisis?

    <p>Established effective coordination of national financial policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries faced considerable difficulties during the 2008 financial crisis?

    <p>Greece, Ireland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF)?

    <p>To provide financial assistance to member states in crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following the EFSF, which mechanism was introduced to further stabilize the Eurozone?

    <p>The European Stability Mechanism (ESM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fiscal policy proposal was adopted during the European Council in March 2012?

    <p>The zero government deficit rule, known as the 'golden rule'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of taxes did the Italian Government introduce to address its deficit?

    <p>New taxes on Real Estate properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What amount was allocated to the countries of Greece, Ireland, and Portugal by the EFSF?

    <p>440 billion Euros</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two countries did not agree to the Fiscal Compact proposed in December 2011?

    <p>Great Britain and the Czech Republic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the proposal of the 'golden rule' aim to achieve in the context of national finances?

    <p>Establish a balanced budget requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which event did Italy propose using the ESM to control bond spreads?

    <p>European Council of June 2012</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Structural Funds is oriented towards regions below 75% of the EU GDP per capita?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following the EU enlargement of 2004, how many regions of EU15 remained eligible for Objective 1?

    <p>26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did the population of the EU increase as a result of the 2004 enlargement?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the change in the average GDP per capita in the EU following the 2004 enlargement?

    <p>Decreased by 12.4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the transition period of 2+3+2 refer to regarding worker circulation?

    <p>Transitional arrangements for labor mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries are specifically noted for their case regarding worker circulation after the EU enlargement?

    <p>Germany and Austria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'economic patriotism' as discussed in the context?

    <p>Promoting local businesses over foreign investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Italy manage worker entries during the transition period?

    <p>Fixed number of entries for each year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurred regarding the GDP of the EU after the enlargement in 2004?

    <p>Increased by 4.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage increase did the surface area of the EU experience due to the enlargement?

    <p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary objective of the Treaty establishing the European Defense Community (EDC)?

    <p>To establish an integrated European army with supranational oversight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a reason for the refusal of the Chamber of Deputies of France to ratify the EDC treaty?

    <p>The desire for a unified European constitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event marked the recovery of the European Integration Process in 1955?

    <p>The Messina Conference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the aim of the Rome Treaties signed on March 25, 1957?

    <p>To establish a common market for goods and services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries were founding members of both the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)?

    <p>France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event does NOT belong to the historical timeline outlined for European integration from 1949 to 2011?

    <p>The fallout from the World War II peace treaties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key themes addressed during the European Union Commission's program under Ursula von der Leyen in 2019?

    <p>Environmental sustainability and digital innovation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    History and Politics of European Integration

    • The European integration process began with Jean Monnet and the Rome Treaties (1949-1957).
    • The development of the European Communities continued from the Rome Treaties to the Fall of the Berlin Wall (1957-1989).
    • The Fall of the Berlin Wall opened new opportunities between Eastern and Western Europe, leading to the Maastricht Treaty and enlargement process (1989-2005).
    • The failure of the European Constitution marked a crisis in European integration (2005-2008).
    • The world economic and financial crisis impacted the European Integration Process (2008-2011).
    • The Fiscal Compact agreement of 2012 faced difficulties in overcoming euro-pessimism (2011-2018).
    • Crises surrounding the European Union included Libya, Syria, Ukraine, ISIS, and immigration (2011-2016).
    • The EU Commission under Ursula von der Leyen focused on the green deal and digital revolution (2019).
    • Europe faced the Coronavirus pandemic and the Next Generation EU (2020-2022).
    • The conflict in Ukraine and relations with the BRICS movement marked a new cold war (2022-2024).

    Europe: cultural entity or simple geographic expression?

    • The question of Europe as a cultural entity or just a geographic expression is debated by Federico Chabod.

    Growth Projections (IMF Data)

    • Global Economy growth projections for 2023, 2024, and 2025.
    • Advanced economies growth projections for 2023, 2024, and 2025.
    • Emerging market & developing economies growth projections for 2023, 2024, and 2025.
    • Regional growth projections for 2023, 2024, and 2025.
    • A breakdown of world output growth projections for 2023, 2024, and 2025.
    • A breakdown of growth projections by region, including the US, Euro Area, Middle East, Central Asia, Emerging and Developing Asia, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa.
    • Detailed projections for various countries.

    Key Indicators for Energy Transition Metals

    • Data on production value (2020) in US $, for metals like copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc, lead, silver, manganese, chromium, silicon, cobalt, molybdenum, lithium, vanadium, and graphite.
    • Information about whether or not these metals have an Exchange Traded status
    • Information about whether or not these metals were used in renewable, network, battery, or hydrogen energy fields

    The maximum extension of the Roman Empire

    • Information about the Roman Empire's territorial extent (98 AD-116 AD). Maps are included.

    The Ottoman Empire Under Suleiman I

    • Information about the extent of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent in 1580. Maps are included.

    Europe in 1815

    • A map of Europe in 1815 with highlighted borders.

    Europe in 1914

    • A map of Europe in 1914 with highlighted borders.

    Europe after the First World War (1923)

    • A map of Europe after WWI (1923) with details about borders.

    Europe after 1945: The Cold War and The Iron Curtain

    • A map of Europe after 1945 with highlighted borders and political divisions

    The Schuman Plan (9th of May 1950)

    • The French government proposed to place Franco-German coal and steel production under a common High Authority, open to other European countries.
    • This initiative constituted a first step toward European Federation.

    The Pleven Plan (24th of October 1950)

    • The creation of an integrated European army under common supranational bodies.
    • This treaty was rejected because of opposition.

    Stop of the European Integration Process

    • The French Chamber of Deputies refused to ratify the EDC treaty (30th of August 1954).

    The recovery of the European Integration Process

    • The Messina Conference (1st-2nd of June 1955) led to the creation of the Spaak Committee and the renewal of the European Integration Process

    The Rome Treaties (25th of March 1957)

    • Establishment of the EEC and EURATOM.

    The evolution in the 60s, 70s and 80s

    • Introduction of the CAP (30th of July 1962)
    • Treaty merging the executives of the three Communities (ECSC, EEC, Euratom) (8th of April 1965)
    • Compromise of Luxemburg (29th of January 1966)
    • First enlargement of the EU (1st of January 1973)
    • Creation of the European Council (10th of December 1974)
    • Creation of the European Monetary System (13th of March 1979)
    • Second enlargement (1st of January 1981)
    • Third enlargement (1st of January 1986)
    • The Single European Act (17th of December 1985)

    EU Enlargement

    • The first enlargement: UK, Denmark, and Ireland
    • The second enlargement: Greece
    • The third enlargement: Spain and Portugal
    • The fourth enlargement: Austria, Sweden, and Finland
    • The fifth enlargement: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Malta, and Cyprus
    • The sixth enlargement: Romania and Bulgaria
    • The seventh enlargement: Croatia
    • 2021 Brexit: UK Exit

    The European Monetary System (13th of March 1979)

    • Establishment of a European currency unit (ECU).
    • Fluctuation margin of bilateral parities: ±2.25%.

    The Single European Act (17th of December 1985)

    • Free circulation for workers, capitals, goods, and services within the European common market (1st of January 1993).
    • The European Economic Community becomes the European Community.
    • Harmonization of foreign and security policy of the European Community.

    The way towards Maastricht Treaty

    • First period of the EMS (1979-1982)
    • Second period of the EMS (1983-1986)
    • Third period of the EMS (1987-1991)

    The Maastricht Treaty on European Union (1)

    • Creation of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).

    The Maastricht Treaty on European Union (2)

    • Creation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP).
    • Cooperation within the field of justice and internal affairs.

    From Maastricht Treaty to today

    • The Treaty of Maastricht
    • The Treaty of Amsterdam
    • The New Enlargements
    • The Treaty of Nice
    • The new European Constitution
    • The Lisbon Treaty

    The bonds for the Euro

    • Convergence criteria and results in 1997, including inflation, long-term interest rates, government deficits, and public debt.

    European Council of Copenhagen (22nd of June 1993)

    • Prerequisites for applying to the EU, including stable institutions, law supremacy, human rights, and a competitive market economy.

    The Nice European Council (8th − 10th of December 2000)

    • Adoption of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights.
    • Agreement on institutional reforms
    • Adoption of the European Social Agenda.
    • Support of a mobility plan in Europe.
    • Protection of the health and security of consumers.

    The Treaty of Nice (26th of February 2001)

    • Agreement on institutional reforms.
    • Change in the number of members of the European Parliament.
    • Change in the number of members of the European Commission.

    The Laeken European Council (14th − 15th of December 2001)

    • Creation of an European Convention.
    • Adoption of the operational capability of the European Security and Defence Policy.
    • Enlargement is irreversible: accession negotiations for candidate countries.
    • Support for the International fight against International Terrorism.

    The Thessaloniki European Council (19th − 20th June 2003)

    • Presentation of the Draft Document from EU Convention.
    • New cooperation among member states in immigration and border control.
    • Enlargement continued regularly for countries with accession treaty

    Brussels European Council (17th − 18th of June 2004)

    • Final text of the European Constitution established.
    • Enlargement for Romania and Bulgaria.
    • Development of strategic partnership with the United States, Canada, Japan, China, and India.

    The signature of the new European Constitution (29th of October 2004).

    • Signature of the new European Constitution in Rome.
    • Ratification by all 25 member states necessary for taking effect.

    The main innovations in the draft document presented by the European Convention

    • Confirmation of values of the EU
    • Distinctions of exclusive vs common European Union and member state competences
    • Creation of a Minister for Foreign Relations for the EU
    • Increased codecision powers for the European Parliament
    • Changes to the role and power of the President of the European Commission.

    EU crisis in 2005 − 2024

    • French & Dutch rejection of the EU Constitution.
    • EU Council Agreement on the 2007-2013 budget with CAP remaining, although reduced over time.
    • Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds directed towards long-term EU countries as well as new EU members.
    • The Treaty of Lisbon.

    The future of Europe?

    • Popular opposition to the structure of the EU.

    History and Politics of European Integration (Repitition)

    • The beginning of the European integration process: from Jean Monnet to the Rome Treaties (1949 – 1957);
    • The development of the European Communities from Rome Treaties to the Fall of the Berlin Wall (1957 – 1989);
    • The Fall of the Berlin Wall and the new opportunities between east and west in Europe: the Maastricht Treaty and the enlargement process (1989–2005);
    • The failure of the European Constitution and the crisis of the European integration process (2005 – 2008);
    • The world economic and financial crisis and the consequences for the European Integration Process (2008 – 2011);
    • The Fiscal Compact agreement of 2012 and the difficulties to erase the europessimism (2011 – 2018);
    • The crisis around the European Union: Libya, Syria, Ukraine, Isis, immigration (2011-2016);
    • The new program of the EU Commission of Ursula von der Leyen: green deal and digital revolution (2019)
    • Europe in front of the Coronavirus pandemic and the Next Generation EU (2020–2022);
    • The conflict in Ukraine and the new cold war between the Western countries and the Russian Federation with the BRICS movement (2022 - 2023).

    Social and Labour impact of EU enlargement

    • The Structural Funds
    • The circulation of workers

    The Structural Funds

    • Objective 1 (~70% of the Structural Funds) directed towards regions below 75% of the EU GDP per capita rate.
    • Post-2004 enlargement, only 26 of the previous 57 EU regions were eligible for Objective 1 funding.

    GDP per Capita by region (PPS), 2000

    • A map showing GDP per capita levels in different EU regions.

    The Workers Circulation

    • Transition period (2+3+2)
    • Specific cases of Germany and Austria
    • Italy: fixed number of entries per year

    The economic patriotism

    • Economic patriotism, including examples in Italy, France, Poland, and Spain.
    • Reduced liberalization of services.

    The 2008-2009 financial crisis

    • Italian government measures to reduce deficit and public debt.

    The Euro risk and the "golden rule"

    • Creation of an European fund to protect members from financial crises.
    • European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and European Stability Mechanism (ESM).

    Central and Eastern European countries until 1945

    • Europe after the Vienna Congress
    • Independence process in the Balkans
    • The two world wars

    The fall of the Berlin Wall

    • The collapse of the Berlin Wall.

    The changing of German borders during the 20th century

    • German borders in 1900, 1919, 1945, and 1999.

    Europe after 1992

    • Map of Europe after 1992 with political divisions.

    The Arab Spring

    • Tunisia departure of Ben Ali.
    • Egypt departure of Mubarak.
    • Lybia: military crisis.
    • Syria military crisis.

    The Security in the Mediterranean Region

    • NATO in the Mediterranean.
    • EU in the Mediterranean.

    The Libyan crisis in 2011

    • Start of the upraising in Lybia.
    • UN Resolution 1970 and 1973.
    • NATO military intervention.

    The Balkan Issue

    • General evolution.
    • Yugoslavian crisis (1991-1995)
    • Chechoslovakia crisis (1992-1993)
    • the Albanian crisis (1997)
    • the Kosovo crisis (1999-today)

    The general evolution of the Balkan peninsula from 1815 to 1991

    • Balkan Powder and the decline of great empires (Ottoman & Austria-Hungary)
    • The treaties of Saint Stefano and Berlin (1878), dividing Bulgaria.
    • Creation of Albania & new borders, and independence in the Balkan regions
    • The breakup of Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empires enabled the liberation & independence of several Balkan countries.

    The idea of Mitteleuropa

    • The German plan included a customs association.

    The storm of the First World War

    • Alterations in the European political map after WWI
    • Territorial changes arising from national legitimacy principle.
    • The resentments & conflict after the war
    • The Treaty of Versailles & the lost territories (Eastern Prussia, Pomerania, Silesia, Sudet zone, Galizia, Bohemia, Moravia, Bucovina, Slovenia, part of Croatia; Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace, Bessarabia)

    The changes after the Second World War

    • Territorial changes in Europe after WWII
    • Territories transferred to the Soviet Union (Eastern Prussia, Pomerania, Silesia from Germany).
    • Territories handed over from Italy to Yugoslavia.
    • Romania obtaining Dobrudja from Bulgaria.

    Europe during the Cold War

    • Map of Europe during the Cold War with division into blocks: NATO and Warsaw Pact countries.

    The Yugoslavian crisis (1991–1995)

    • Warning indicators, including Tito's death, Kosovo troubles, economic crisis, abolition of Vojvodina & Kosovo autonomy, and democratization process.
    • Declaration of independence by Slovenia & Croatia.
    • Federal reaction of Yugoslavia.
    • Recognition by Germany, Vatican, and European Community.
    • Proclamation of independence by Bosnia & Yugoslavian Macedonia.
    • The war in Bosnia and Croatia, and the Paris Peace Agreement (1995).
    • Kosovo crisis (1999).

    The Croatian referendum (1991)

    • Referendum in Croatia on independence.

    The Slovenian referendum (1990)

    • Referendum in Slovenia on participation in a Yugoslav confederation.

    The elections in Serbia (1990)

    • Milosevic's victory in Serbian elections.

    The blocking of the Presidential Federal elections in Yugoslavia (15th of May 1991).

    • The pro-Serb group's refusal to elect the Croatian Stipe Mesić as Yugoslavia's president.

    The stages of the crisis (3):

    • Military intervention by NATO in Yugoslavia.
    • Peace plan for Kosovo.
    • Technical military agreement.
    • Resolution 1244 of the UN Security Council.

    Resolution 1244 of the UN Security Council.

    • Legal perspective of the resolution and its purpose.
    • Guaranteeing territorial integrity of Yugoslavia
    • Support for the global approach of economic development

    The 2008 − 2009 financial crisis

    • Italian government’s measures to reduce deficit & public debt.

    The Arab Spring

    • Tunisia
    • Egypt
    • Libya
    • Syria

    The Security in the Mediterranean Region

    • NATO in the Mediterranean
    • EU in the Mediterranean

    The crises in Albania and Kosovo

    • The new process of disarmament between the United States and Russia, issues related to Kosovo, and events after September 11th, 2001.
    • The world economic crisis in 2009
    • The Arab Spring (2010-2013)
    • The rise of the Islamic State & other problems
    • Consequences of the Ukrainian Crisis, including the emergence of the Islamic State and the new Greek crisis; North Korea, Iran, Syria & Hong Kong, the pandemic in 2021

    .

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