History and Administration of Sport

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Questions and Answers

Which technology is NOT mentioned as having an impact on the sport industry?

Virtual reality

Blockchain technology (correct)

Social media

Artificial intelligence

What is the primary purpose of social media in the context of sports?

E-commerce applications and spectator interactivity (correct)

Creating fan loyalty

Direct communication with players

Improving ticket sales

Which of the following is an example of economies of scope?

Increasing production rates of a single product

Mass production of multiple related goods and services (correct)

Reducing costs by investing in a single product line

Outsourcing services to improve efficiency

What is the role of sport managers in relation to ethics?

To ensure that the ethical principles are enforced within the organization Signup and view all the answers

What do organizations need to contend with in order to achieve their goals?

Uncertainties of the external environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'social entity' in the context of an organization?

A collaborative effort focused on a common goal Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the organizational environment involves direct effects on daily operations?

Specific environment Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the general environment in organizational context?

External factors that influence the organization indirectly Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the entrepreneurial stage in the organizational life cycle?

Overwhelm of the founder due to leadership needs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of innovation is characterized by breaking unwritten industry rules?

Radical innovation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary need during the formalization stage of the organizational life cycle?

Reduce overwhelming bureaucracy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a source of innovation?

Maintaining existing processes Signup and view all the answers

What does the contextualist approach to change emphasize?

Change requires an understanding of content, context, and process Signup and view all the answers

What issue is typically faced by organizations in the collectivity stage?

Insufficient employee autonomy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of incremental innovations?

They evolve gradually and add value Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of organizational culture?

A pattern of basic assumptions created in response to challenges Signup and view all the answers

What is a key logistical challenge in organizing sport events historically?

Bringing large groups of people together Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of sport administrators?

Designing athletic uniforms Signup and view all the answers

How can the attractiveness of a sporting event be increased according to the content?

By ensuring high-level performances Signup and view all the answers

What is one type of sport mentioned that reflects commodification in the sport industry?

Soccer Signup and view all the answers

Which sector is NOT one of the three identified categories in the CSM Sport Industry Sectors Model?

Startup Signup and view all the answers

What does an industry segment in sports combine?

Product variations and consumer types Signup and view all the answers

Which model aids in understanding relationships within the promotion segment of the sports industry?

The Strategic Sport Communication Model Signup and view all the answers

What role do nonprofit organizations play in the sport industry?

They address specific causes or needs of their members. Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for effectively addressing a problem in an organization?

Fully understanding all aspects involved in addressing the problem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the distinction between surface and deep diversity?

Surface diversity encompasses easily knowable differences, whereas deep diversity relates to values and beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge organizations face in developing diversity?

A culture that values diversity has not been established by leaders Signup and view all the answers

How has the NFL's operating revenue changed from 2005 to 2015?

It increased from US$6.16 billion in 2005 to US$12.5 billion in 2015. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes significantly to the financial challenges faced by collegiate athletics?

Limited sources of revenue and rising costs Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for profitability in a sports organization?

Profit = total revenues − total costs Signup and view all the answers

What factor has caused revenue generation in sports teams to fluctuate?

Changes in the economy affecting discretionary spending. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue in controlling spending for sports teams?

Coaching and staff salaries are critical sources of rising costs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the Executive Director in event management?

Preparing the event budget and plans Signup and view all the answers

Which role focuses on the execution of the event plan?

Operations Division Manager Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical function of the Security Coordinator during an event?

Developing risk assessment plans Signup and view all the answers

Which division manager is responsible for media relations?

Public Relations, Marketing and Hospitality Division Manager Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for recruiting, hiring, and directing personnel under their division?

Operations Division Manager Signup and view all the answers

What should a successful event management plan address?

A comprehensive structure including various aspects of event management Signup and view all the answers

What is a key expectation of the Operations Division Manager in terms of interdepartmental interaction?

They coordinate and facilitate activities and communications between divisions Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial element that the Security Coordinator must ensure during an event?

They ensure staff are adequately trained for security protocols Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

History of Sport

Evidence of physical competitions witnessed by onlookers dates back to 7000 BCE.
Early linking of ritualized warfare, physical activity, and entertainment required the consideration of logistical challenges to bring large groups together to witness competition.

Facets of Sport Administration

Managing the event: Determining the location and logistics.
Promoting the event: Reaching audiences and generating interest.
Attracting high-level athletes: This can increase event ticket prices.
Utilizing technology: Enhancing the fan experience through various technological aspects.

Nature and Scope of Sport Industry

The sport industry can be conceptualized in several ways to identify opportunities for commodification.
Types of sport: Traditional, new/emerging, and reformulated sports.
Settings for sport activities: Single (e.g., NHL), multi (e.g., IOC), college, media, sponsors, professional services, facilities, manufacturers/retailers, events/meetings/trade shows.
Sport industry segments:
- Sport Production
- Sport Promotion
- Sport Performance

Contemporary Sport Management Sport Industry Sectors Model (CSM)

Identifies three organizational categories (sectors): public-government based units, non-profit, and commercial.
The commercial sector aims to generate profit.
Central to the creation and production of sport products, services, programs, and facilities.

Technology in Sport

Technology has been rapidly developing and impacting the sport industry, creating new areas of opportunity.
Artificial Intelligence: Chatbots for fan inquiries, automated journalism, and smart ticketing.
Virtual reality: Fan experiences and athlete training applications.
Social Media: E-commerce applications, spectator interactivity.
Other technologies: WiFi, massive video boards, high-definition and 3D technologies.
Benefits: Improved safety, care, and training for athletes.

Sport managers must be accountable for eliminating illegal and immoral incidents in the sport industry.
Understanding of ethical principles and moral psychology is crucial for addressing complex issues in sport management.

Globalization of Sport

Sport has experienced increased globalization due to several factors, including:
- Increased media coverage
- Technological advancements
- Economic factors
- Greater participation in sport in numerous regions

Organization

Defined as a social entity created to coordinate individual efforts to achieve a shared goal.
Benefits: Economies of scale (mass production savings) and economies of scope (savings from producing multiple products/services).
Process: Inputs → Transformations → Outputs.

Organizational Environment

Organizations must contend with uncertainties within the external environment.
General Environment: Influences the organization without directly affecting daily operations.
Specific Environment: Directly impacts the organization's day-to-day activities.

Organizational Life Cycle

Also known as the "model of organizational growth."
Four stages of growth, each punctuated by a crisis:
- Entrepreneurial: Vision of the founder.
- Collectivity: Reaffirmation of goals and structure.
- Formalization: Rules and procedures established.
- Elaboration: Collaboration and management focus.

Contextualist Approach to Change

Change within organizations is a gradual process that considers three elements:
- Content: What has changed?
- Context: Why did the change occur (internal and external factors)?
- Process: How did the change occur?

Innovation

Organizational change can involve innovation.
Product innovation: Creating new designs and products.
Process innovation: Improving organizational process effectiveness and efficiency.
Management of innovation can be challenging due to potential resistance and resource limitations.

Radical and Incremental Innovation

Radical innovation: Breaks industry norms, highly disruptive, often driven by technological change.
Incremental innovation: Small and evolutionary, adds value, often more common than radical innovation.

Sources of Innovation

Unintended: Unexpected discoveries or outcomes.
Incongruity: Differences between perceived and actual reality.
Process needs: Requirement for improving existing processes.
Industry and market changes: Responding to shifts in the industry or market.
Demographic changes: Adapting to changing demographics.
New knowledge: Emerging findings or advancements.

Organizational Culture

Patterns of assumptions developed by a group to address internal integration and external adaptation challenges.

Decision-Making Process

Defining and framing the problem: Understanding all facets of the issue.
Identifying decision criteria: Factors like timeframe, past resistance, and stakeholder impact.
Developing and evaluating alternatives: Identifying possible solutions.
Selecting an alternative: Choosing the most suitable solution.
Implementing the alternative: Enacting the chosen solution.
Evaluating the decision: Assessing the decision's effectiveness.

Organizational Diversity

The presence of socially meaningful differences within a group.
Benefits: A diverse workforce can represent the broader public, better understand diverse consumer needs, and provide improved products/services.
Types of diversity: Surface (visible, easily noticed) and deep (values, beliefs, experiences, expectations).

Development of Diversity

Leaders must create a culture that values diversity and incorporates it into daily operations.
Organizations typically progress along a continuum in fostering diversity.

Finance & Economics in the Sport Industry

The sport industry's diversity makes measuring its economic size challenging.
Global industry value estimates: Range from US$151 billion to US$1.5 trillion.

Current Financial Situation of U.S. Professional Sports

Growth: Revenues have increased significantly in major men's professional sports leagues.
Challenges: Revenue disparities between teams, economic fluctuations impacting discretionary spending, and inflation.
Profitability formula: Profit = Total Revenue - Total Costs.
Factors driving costs: Team payroll, travel, coaching and staff salaries, venue expenses.

Current Financial Situation of U.S. Collegiate Athletics

Costs are significant, but revenue sources are limited.
Cost drivers: Team payroll, facilities, travel, and coaching salaries.

Event Management Personnel

Event management positions vary, but some common roles include:
- Executive Director: Overall event administrator with responsibility for operational and strategic planning, budgets, and problem-solving.
- Operations Division Manager: Responsible for plan execution, defining roles, and coordinating divisions.
- Public Relations, Marketing, and Hospitality Division Managers: Managing policies, procedures, and personnel related to these areas.
- Security Coordinator: Ensuring event safety and security, interacting with agencies, and developing emergency plans.

Event Management Plan Steps

Six Basic Steps:
1. Define the event.
2. Determine the event objectives.
3. Develop an event budget.
4. Create an event timeline.
5. Generate a marketing plan.
6. Host the event.

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Description

Explore the evolution of sport from ancient competitions to modern-day administration. This quiz delves into the logistical, promotional, and technological aspects of managing sports events and industry. Test your knowledge on the various facets and opportunities within the sport industry.