Questions and Answers
What event escalated the conflict between the United States and Spain, leading to the Spanish-American War?
What was one of the main economic motivations behind U.S. imperialism?
Which country did the United States purchase Alaska from?
What role did yellow journalism play in the lead-up to the Spanish-American War?
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What was a consequence of the Treaty of Paris?
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Which statement accurately describes the political outcome of the Hawaiian Revolution?
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During the Spanish-American War, who led the surprise attack on the Spanish fleet in the Philippines?
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What ideology promoted the belief that the United States was destined to expand across North America?
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What was a significant military motivation for the United States' imperialistic actions in the late 19th century?
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How did Social Darwinism influence American attitudes toward imperialism?
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What was one of the reasons behind the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy?
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What triggered the public's demand for war against Spain in 1898?
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What was a key factor in the U.S. interest in Cuba during the late 19th century?
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Which event served as a catalyst for the U.S. declaring war on Spain?
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What was the outcome of the Spanish-American War for Cuba?
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Which U.S. leader famously commanded the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War?
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What did the Treaty of Paris accomplish regarding Puerto Rico and Guam?
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What was the primary economic motivation behind U.S. imperialism in the 19th century?
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Study Notes
World Wide Imperialism
- Global power shifts influenced by Japan impacting China, India, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
- Key motives for imperialism included profits from trade, acquiring natural resources, and dominance over rival nations.
- Advances in military technology and medicine created opportunities in regions with power vacuums.
U.S. Motives for Imperialism
- Military expansion led to the U.S. becoming the third-largest navy, necessitating overseas bases for strength.
- Cultural motivations included Social Darwinism and a desire to spread notions of white supremacy.
- Economic factors involved acquiring land with abundant resources to sell overproduced goods and mitigate economic depression.
New Territories Acquired
- Alaska purchased from Russia for $7.2 million for its natural resource potential.
- Hawaii, with Pearl Harbor as a crucial naval base, was strategically positioned halfway to Asia, becoming a state in 1959.
- The overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy led by Sanford B. Dole, who became president in 1894 and advocated for annexation, occurred without giving Hawaiians the right to vote.
The Cuban Revolution
- Cubans rebelled against Spanish rule, marking a decline of Spanish power and control over only a few colonies, including Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
- Jose Marti initiated the Cuban War for Independence in 1895 against Spain, drawing U.S. attention due to strategic interests in Cuba’s fertile soil.
Escalation to War
- Yellow journalism sensationalized events to increase newspaper sales, amplifying American war fervor.
- The de Lome Letter, criticizing President McKinley, heightened public outrage when intercepted.
- The USS Maine explosion, killing 260 men, was wrongly blamed on Spain, contributing to the call for war.
Spanish-American War
- War declared on April 20th, 1898, following public demand for conflict.
- Admiral George Dewey led a surprise naval attack on the Spanish fleet in the Philippines, achieving a decisive victory.
- Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders gained fame during their Caribbean campaign, leading successful invasions, especially in Puerto Rico.
Treaty of Paris
- Ended the Spanish-American War, requiring Spain to free Cuba and cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S.
- The Philippines were purchased from Spain for $20 million, expanding U.S. territories.
- The treaty spurred debates on the economic and moral implications of U.S. imperialism, leading to intense Senate discussions about the newly acquired empire.
Global Imperialism and Shifts in Power
- Japan exerted its influence over China, India, Africa, and Southeast Asia, driven by economic motives like trading profits and natural resource acquisition.
- New military technologies and medical advancements allowed nations to exploit power vacuums for imperial expansion.
U.S. Entry into Imperialism
- Manifest Destiny (1800) spurred westward expansion aimed at displacing Native Americans and extending U.S. territory to the Pacific Ocean.
- Other countries were also engaged in global colonization during this period.
U.S. Motives for Imperialism
- Military: The U.S. became the third-largest navy, requiring strategic bases globally to bolster military presence.
- Cultural: Influenced by Social Darwinism and white supremacist ideologies, the U.S. sought to spread its culture.
- Economic: Expansion into territories rich in natural resources helped alleviate economic depression and provided markets for overproduced goods.
Acquisition of New Territories
- Alaska was purchased from Russia for $7.2 million, primarily for its natural resources.
Hawaii
- Served as a crucial naval base at Pearl Harbor and a stopping point to Asia.
- Became a state in 1959 after a revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy; Sanford B. Dole became the first president, promoting annexation.
- Plantation owners sought to avoid tariffs, further pushing for annexation.
Cuban Revolt and Spanish Decline
- Cubans launched a second war for independence against Spain, which was in decline and only controlled Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines by the late 19th century.
- The U.S. was interested in Cuba due to its fertile soil and strategic location.
Escalation to War
- José Martí led a revolution against Spanish rule starting in 1895.
- Military and diplomatic tensions escalated due to events such as the de Lome letter, which insulted President McKinley, and the explosion of the USS Maine, blamed on Spain despite lack of evidence.
The Spanish-American War
- War was declared on April 20, 1898, amid rising public demand for action.
- Commodore George Dewey led a surprise naval attack in the Philippines, defeating the Spanish fleet.
- U.S. troops cooperated with Filipino rebels against the Spanish forces.
- Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders gained fame in their successful campaign in Puerto Rico.
Treaty of Paris
- Spain recognized Cuban independence, ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S., and sold the Philippines for $20 million.
- The outcome sparked debates regarding the morality and economics of imperialism.
- The U.S. emerged as an empire, controlling Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of global imperialism during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It examines how countries like Japan and the United States influenced regions such as China, India, and Africa through military technology and economic motives. Understand the driving forces behind America's Manifest Destiny and its role in the global power shifts.
