Regents Review Global 2 Flashcards

Nationalism and Imperialism

• Nationalism: Strong pride and loyalty towards one's own country.
• Imperialism: Policy wherein strong nations dominate weaker countries politically, socially, and economically.

Political Ideologies

• Communism: Economic system developed by Karl Marx, centered on class struggle, public ownership of property, and equal distribution of work and resources.
• Fascism: Authoritarian system characterized by dictatorial power, nationalism, and imperialism.

Key Historical Figures

• Gandhi: Leader of the Indian National Congress, notable for advocating non-violent protests for Indian independence.
• Mao Zedong: Chinese Communist leader from 1949 to 1976, pivotal in shaping modern China.
• Deng Xiaoping: Successor to Mao, introduced capitalist elements to boost China's economy.
• Fidel Castro: Communist revolutionary who governed Cuba.

Significant Events and Policies

• Great Leap Forward: Mao's initiative to combine farms into communes; ended after two years due to lack of worker incentives and widespread failure.
• Cultural Revolution: Chaotic campaign initiated by Mao aimed at purging dissent within the Communist Party and instilling revolutionary values in youth.
• Red Guards: Youth groups who enforced Mao's Cultural Revolution, often resorting to violence against perceived enemies.

Apartheid and Global Conflicts

• Apartheid: System of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa.
• World War I: Conflict between the Allies and Central Powers primarily fought in Europe.
• League of Nations: International organization established post-WWI to promote peace; failed due to unanimous voting requirement and U.S. non-participation.

Post-War Organizations

• NATO: Military alliance formed after WWII to deter future conflicts.
• Cold War: Prolonged geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union post-1945, rooted in opposing ideologies.

Conflict and Treaties

• Holocaust: Genocide during WWII targeting Jews and other groups by the Nazi regime.
• Opium War: (1839-1842) Conflict between Britain and China over the opium trade, leading to China's significant territorial and economic concessions.
• Treaty of Nanjing: 1842 agreement that ended the Opium War and established unequal treaties favoring Britain.
• Treaty of Versailles: Ended WWI, imposed punitive reparations on Germany.

Major Leaders and Philosophies

• Kemal Ataturk: Nationalist leader who modernized and secularized Turkey.
• Marx and Engels: Foundational figures in the establishment of communist ideology.
• Laissez-faire: Economic principle advocating minimal government intervention in capitalism.

Cold War Dynamics

• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact: Agreement to divide Poland and avoid conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union.
• Stalin: Leader who succeeded Lenin, known for purging opposition and establishing a totalitarian regime.

Warfare and Weaponry

• Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Cities targeted by atomic bombs dropped by the U.S. to expedite the end of WWII.
• Arms Race: Competition for military superiority between the U.S. and Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Global Trends

• Appeasement: Policy of making concessions to avoid conflict, exemplified prior to WWII.
• Nonalignment: Strategy adopted by some nations to maintain independence from both Cold War power blocs.
• Globalization: Processes that foster worldwide integration and connectivity.
• Militarism: Ideology emphasizing military readiness and the glorification of armed forces.

Economic Agreements

• NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement aiming to eliminate trade barriers between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.