CORE HUMAN Topic 4 very hard

• The first hominids appeared in Africa approximately 5 million years ago.
• Early human populations were small, reaching about 125,000 people a million years ago.
• The Neolithic Revolution, marked by the domestication of animals and cultivation of crops, occurred about 10,000 years ago, with a world population of around 5 million.
• The average annual growth rate during the Neolithic Revolution was less than 0.1% per year.
• The rate of natural increase is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate.
• Technological advancements improved the carrying capacity of the land, leading to population increases, with a global population of 30 million by 3500 BCE and 250 million by 0 CE.

Historical Population Growth

• The world population reached 500 million by around 1650.
• By 1800, the global population doubled to reach 1 billion.
• It took only 12 years for the world population to increase from 5 billion to 6 billion, reaching 6 billion in 1999.
• The global population reached 7 billion in October 2011, doubling the population in 1967.

Recent Demographic Changes

• Population growth and population growth rate are higher in low-income countries (LICs) than in high-income countries (HICs).
• LICs' population growth has surpassed that of HICs since the Second World War.
• HICs experienced high population growth in the 19th and early 20th centuries, while LICs and MICs experienced high population growth after 1950.
• The highest global population growth rate was in the early to mid-1960s.
• Population momentum meant that the numbers being added each year did not peak until the late 1980s, even as the growth rate fell.
• Demographic transformation has occurred rapidly in some LICs and MICs, with fertility rates dropping faster than demographers predicted.
• Africa is an exception, with high fertility rates and population growth still around 2.5%.

Global Population Change (2014)

• There were 143.3 million births and 56.8 million deaths.
• The global population increased by 86.6 million.
• China and India accounted for 36.8% of the world's population.

Components of Population Change

• Natural change accounts for all population increase on a global scale.
• Natural change is the balance between births and deaths.
• Net migration is the difference between immigration and emigration.
• Population size (P) = (Births (B) - Deaths (D)) + Net Migration (M).
• Natural change can be stated in absolute terms (actual change in population) or relative terms (rate per thousand).

Factors Affecting Fertility

• Fertility varies widely worldwide.
• The crude birth rate, a basic measure of fertility, varied from 50/1000 in Niger to 6/1000 in Monaco (2014).
• The crude birth rate is influenced by the population's age structure.
• Fertility rate is the number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-49 in a given year.
• The total fertility rate is the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime, conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year.
• The total fertility rate ranged from 7.6 in Niger to 1.1 in Taiwan (2014).
• Contraception usage significantly influences fertility rates.

Categories Affecting Fertility

• Demographic: Mortality rates influence fertility. High infant mortality leads to more children to compensate for expected deaths.
• Social/Cultural: Tradition demands high reproduction rates, especially in Africa. Education, particularly female literacy, is key to lower fertility.
• Economic: Children seen as economic assets in LICs, while the cost of child-dependency years is a major factor in HICs. Growth allows spending on health, housing, nutrition, and education, reducing mortality and fertility.
• Political: Governments attempt to change population growth rates.

Intermediate Variables Affecting Fertility

• Fecundity: Ability to have a physical relationship, conceive, and carry a pregnancy to term.
• Sexual unions: Formation/dissolution of unions, age at first physical relationship, marital status, time spent outside a union, frequency of physical relationship, and sexual abstinence.
• Birth control: Contraceptive use, contraceptive sterilization, and induced abortion.

Fertility Decline

• A UN study (2010) predicted global population would peak at 10.1 billion in 2100. The global peak population has been continually revised downwards.
• A fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman is replacement level fertility.
• In 2014, almost 90 countries had total fertility rates at or below 2.1.

Factors Affecting Mortality

• Crude death rate is a generalized measure of mortality, heavily influenced by age structure.
• Life expectancy at birth in the UK is 81 years, compared with 75 years in Brazil, while the crude death rates are 9/1000 and 6/1000, respectively.
• Infant mortality rate and life expectancy are more accurate mortality measures.

Variations in Mortality

• In 2014, the crude death rate varied from 21/1000 in Lesotho to 1/1000 in Qatar and the UAE.
• Causes of death vary significantly between HICs and LICs.
• In LICs, infectious and parasitic diseases account for over 40% of all deaths. The ranking of major diseases tends to change from infectious to degenerative as countries develop.
• Variations in mortality within countries occur due to social class, ethnicity, place of residence, occupation, and age structure.
• The infant mortality rate is considered the most sensitive indicator of socio-economic progress.
• Africa has the highest infant mortality rate (62/1000), and North America has the lowest (5/1000).
• Rates of life expectancy at birth have converged significantly between HICs and LICs over the last 50 years.

Population Structure

• The aspects of population structure are age and gender. Other aspects include race, language, religion, and social/occupational groups.
• Age/sex structure diagrams portray absolute or relative data, with males on the left and females on the right.
• The wide base in Niger's diagram reflects extremely high fertility. The birth rate is 50/1000, the highest in the world.
• The base of Bangladesh’s age/sex diagram is narrower than that of Niger, reflecting a fall in fertility after birth-control programs.
• With a narrowing base, the birth rate in the UK is only 12/1000 with a death rate of 9/1000.
• The diagram for Japan has a distinctly inverted base, reflecting the lowest fertility, and a birth rate of 8/1000 with a death rate of 10/1000.
• The youth population, the economically active population, and the elderly dependent population are the sections of age/sex structure diagrams.
• Rural-to-urban migration affects the population structures of the affected areas.
• The sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females in a population.
• The sex ratio at birth was estimated at 107 boys to 100 girls.

Dependency Ratio

• Dependants are people who are too young or old to work.
• Dependency ratio = (% population aged 0-14 + % population aged 65 and over) / % population aged 15-64 x 100.
• A dependency ratio of 60 means that for every 100 people in the economically active population there are 60 people dependent on them.
• The increase in the dependency ratio can cause significant financial problems for governments.

Demographic Transition Model

• Demonstrates how birth and death rates change over time, based on the experience of northwest Europe.
• High Fluctuating Stage (Stage 1) has crude birth and death rates that are high and fluctuating.
• Early Expanding Stage (Stage 2) sees the death rate decline while the birth rate remains at prior levels.
• Late Expanding Stage (Stage 3) indicates that after a period, birth rate decline as rates for death remain low.
• Low Fluctuating Stage (Stage 4) occurs when both birth and death rates are low.
• Natural Decrease Stage (Stage 5) arises when the birth rate has fallen below that of death.
• Criticisms of the demographic transition model describe it as too Eurocentric.

Demographic Transition in LICS

• Birth rates in stages 1 and 2 were generally higher.
• Rapid introduction of Western medicine for mortality
• The decline in death occurred much more steeply over a shorter time period than what was seen in HICS
• Steeper decreases in fertility have been observed with large countries such as the size of China entering stage 2

Fertility and Mortality

• Fertility and mortality in the history of England and Wales were linked back to 1700.
• In that time, several factors including new hospitals, voluntary registrations, and more were observed.

Issues of Ageing Populations

• An ageing population, or demographic ageing, is a rise of the median age. According to the United Nations, the phenomenon is unprecedented to human history.
• In addition to an ageing population, trends show an increased average life expectancy.
• In LICs, a large jump in population over 60 years and older has been projected.
• One projection determines that rates population aged 80 years and over were expected to grow.
• In addition to the projection for total population aged over 80 years, it has been found that Europe is the “oldest” location in world, and specifically that Japan is the “oldest nation”.

Demographic Ageing

• Demographic ageing will put healthcare systems, public pensions and government budgets in general under increasing pressure resulting from this change.
• These changes may have a negative impact on areas related to healthcare and the cost of caring for elders.

Youthful and Aged Populations

• Trends show the difference between developing populations with an emphasis on either young or old.
• High growth in population can result in a large youth populations which would emphasize a greater need for attention toward younger resources.

Demographic Change

• One change that directly results from youth population is resource limitations.
• Shortages such as food ,water and other types of resource are all influenced by the increase in general birth rates.

Demographics of the Gambia

• Rapidly growing youth population
• Muslim Influence
• Children as economic asset

The Human Development Index

• The Human Development Index (HDI) was devised by the United Nations to indicate levels of development in countries.
• HDI is comprised of Life expectancy, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and GNI.
• HDI may be used to analyze the well being of a country from all levels

Food Security

• Food Security is present when all people at all points have access to enough, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
• Food Security is tied to variables such as climate and geographical.
• Some key areas that have been analyzed with high food risk including parts of Asia and Africa.

Green Revolution

• Innovation in food production has been essential to feeding the rising global population. This is known as the “green revolution”.
• As part of the revolution a package of agricultural improvements was presented.

Potential Outcomes of Revolution

• Yields increasing in some varieties.
• Farming incomes increased for larger purchases.
• Local infrastructure improved.

Factors affecting resources

• The main three strands of security include. Food availability, Access, and resource use.
• However, food has been negatively impacted by shortages and supply complications.

Challenges in sustainability

• High fertilizer/pesticide costs
• Unstable prices
• High likelihood the region is susceptible to disease/pest

World Population

• Nearly all exploitable land has been fully utilized or harvested.
• Climate may be attributed to shortages going forward.

Resource Control

• Issues such as War and Trade can impact resources positively and negatively.
• Climate can have both an impact of either an increase or decrease in resource availability

carrying capacity

• Carrying Capacity is the largest population that can be supported by the resources of a certain location.
• Additionally, resources can be classified either natural or human in a location.

Population Resource

• Relationship involving those with an understating and history of the subject.
• A rapid expansion in economics has led to a severe impact on the planet, and its resources.

Issues on a global scale

• Wealth has accounted for about 94% of the population in terms of resources in 2014.
• In this time period, 80% of people have earned only a fraction of that.

Ecological Footprint

• “ The sum of all crop land ,grazing, forest and fishing grounds to provide the food/fiber” has become the world's truest way in measuring resource management.
• This can also be attributed for the amount of space and carbon usage in a given location.

World Population

• The population of Earth has roughly more than doubled over 45 year due to increased individual consumption

A Key takeaway

• As the world population rises, so does the demand.