Questions and Answers
What was a significant characteristic of Canada's economy during the late industrialization period?
Which province in Canada was among the first to see the establishment of factories during industrialization?
What was the impact of U.S. firms on Canada's industrial growth?
What percentage of Canadian workers were employed in agriculture at the time of Confederation?
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Which social concept was idealized during Canada's industrial expansion, despite economic challenges?
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What was a significant impact of industrialization on work practices in Western societies?
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Which of the following was a direct result of the introduction of new technologies during industrialization?
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What change in societal structure does capitalism introduce compared to feudalism?
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What aspect of urbanization is highlighted in the context of industrialization?
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What shift in societal norms is associated with the industrial capitalist transformation?
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Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of industrial capitalism according to the content?
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How did scientific management influence the workplace during industrialization?
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What notable feature of Chaplin's 'Modern Times' represents the changing conditions of labor?
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What is the definition of 'work' as described?
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Which statement best illustrates the changes in types of work from the late 1800s to present-day Canada?
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What impact has industrialization had on the concept of work?
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How do sociological debates frame the concept of work?
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What does the term 'creative destruction' refer to in the context of work?
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What trend is indicated by the fact that two-thirds of households in present-day Canada are 'dual-earner'?
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Which characteristic is not commonly associated with modern work as per the provided content?
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What major societal issue does the concept of work encompass according to key sociological debates?
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What is a primary consequence of the number of treaties established between 1871 and 1921?
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According to Adam Smith, what role does competition play in capitalism?
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Which of the following best describes the perspective of Karl Marx on capitalism?
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What did Karl Marx mean by 'surplus value'?
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What element of capitalism did Adam Smith caution against?
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In the context of work, what does the term 'alienation' refer to according to Marx?
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What did the Federal Indian Act of 1867 primarily establish?
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What was a noted issue related to racism and prejudice in the context of industrialization?
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What characterized work in European feudal society?
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Which development is NOT associated with mercantile capitalism in the 1500s?
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What was a significant social change resulting from the Industrial Revolution?
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What role did new technologies play during the rise of mercantile capitalism?
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How did the Industrial Revolution affect the urban working class?
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What characterized the gender division of labor during the Industrial Revolution?
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What was one result of the emergence of a wealthy merchant class during the rise of mercantile capitalism?
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What is a key aspect of the social inequality observed in European feudal society?
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Study Notes
Historical Perspectives on Work
- Work is defined as any activity producing a socially valued product or service, including both paid and unpaid labor.
- Historically influenced by industrialization and capitalism, work evolves continuously; Schumpeter's concept of "creative destruction" illustrates this change.
Changes in Work over Time
- In late 1800s Canada, work mainly included farming, large families, and household economies gradually transitioning to "paid work."
- Presently, paid employment is predominant, with service jobs surpassing agriculture and manufacturing; dual-earner households constitute two-thirds of all families.
- Greater emphasis on higher education influences work dynamics and expectations.
Sociological Debates on Work
- Central questions include the relationship between work and wealth distribution, conflict versus cooperation in work environments, and the balance between individual agency and social structures shaping work behavior.
Work in European Feudal Society
- Characterized by subsistence agriculture, it involved labor-intensive work with limited technological advancement.
- Marked social inequality existed, with a small aristocratic class and a majority of peasants experiencing poor living conditions and few rights.
Origins of Industrial Capitalism
- Mercantile capitalism emerged in the 1500s, focusing on global trade and colonial exploitation, leading to the rise of a wealthy merchant class.
- The Industrial Revolution (mid to late 1700s) marked rapid social and economic changes through capital accumulation, urbanization, and the deskilling of labor.
Definitions of Industrialization and Capitalism
- Industrialization: Involves innovations like steam power and the establishment of factories for increased productivity.
- Capitalism: Characterized by a labor market where wage laborers create value under the control of owners, contrasting with the systems of feudalism and socialism.
Polanyi's "The Great Transformation"
- Industrial capitalism reshaped Western society with wage labor becoming dominant, massive shifts in production, urban growth, and declining agricultural roles.
- Emergence of individual rights and scheduled work (‘clock time’) became prominent, along with the advent of scientific management.
Canada's Industrialization
- Canada industrialized later (mid-1800s) with a "staples economy" based on abundant natural resources and a primarily rural workforce.
- At Confederation, 50% of the labor force worked in agriculture; by 1900, Canada became the seventh largest manufacturing nation.
- Ideal of the male breadwinner often clashed with low industrial wages supporting families only in the 1920s.
Industrial Expansion and Labor Relations
- The period from 1900 to the 1930s saw rapid industrial growth, introduction of scientific management, and significant labor unrest with numerous strikes in Ontario.
- High immigration levels significantly shaped labor forces, particularly in railways and mines, amidst poor working conditions and little regulation.
Intersection of Industrialization and Colonization
- Colonialism and industrial capitalism were interconnected; numbered treaties aimed to dismantle Indigenous land practices.
- Policies like the Indian Act entrenched systemic racism, relegating Indigenous peoples to low-status, dangerous jobs.
Theoretical Perspectives on Work
- Adam Smith: Advocated for capitalism as a driver of wealth and innovation; emphasized the division of labor and its benefits while acknowledging potential worker exploitation.
- Karl Marx: Focused on class conflict inherent in capitalism, highlighting exploitation, alienation, and the discrepancy between ownership classes (bourgeoisie vs. proletariat) as central to understanding labor relations.
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Description
Explore the foundations of the concept of 'work' in this first chapter on historical perspectives. Delve into the origins of industrial capitalism and examine the industrialization of Canada. This quiz prepares you to understand these key topics and their significance in the context of work.
