Historical Origins of Science

True (A)

False (B)

False (B)

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical fossils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedimentary rock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a result of cyanobacterial activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soft body parts decay more quickly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical fossils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deposition of rock particles by water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sparse and limited (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow for better logging of environmental clues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cannot be dated by radiometric techniques. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different isotopes of the same element decay at varying rates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The finding of the Archaeopteryx lithographica skeleton. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Percolation of minerals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It creates layers that protect remains from environmental factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time needed for half of the sample to decay into a stable isotope. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mammals have a lower jaw formed by a single bone called the dentary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75,000 years. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not all organisms have equal chances of fossilization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provided absolute dates for geological boundaries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mammals are the only living members of synapsids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lowland coastal areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By dating auxiliary igneous or volcanic materials interlayered with them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratigraphic correlation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon-14. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The varying number of skeletal bones in the jaw. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zircon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fossil records of marine organisms tend to be more complete due to preservation conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term sediment accumulation processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lead-206. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining major time boundaries within the geological time scale. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fossils of organisms that lived in extreme environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes understanding evolutionary pathways difficult. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less sediment accumulation in these regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide evidence for early photosynthetic organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through vertical growth as cyanobacteria proliferate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shallow seas or lakes with stable sedimentation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It offers insights into macroevolutionary events and species adaptation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forces cyanobacteria to rise and form distinct layering. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The earliest forms of life that engaged in photosynthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fossils are formed when living colonies are rapidly buried by sediment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habitat loss due to climate change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They indicate historical levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevation changes of rocky substrates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The preferred term for the study of nature before the 1700s in Europe.

A narrower study of nature focused on well-defined laws, developed by the 1800s.

Ancient Greek scientist and librarian, considered a pioneer in scientific observation.

The study of the purpose or end (telos) of things.

The notion that interactions among atoms according to natural laws are the ultimate causes of phenomena.

The view that bodies move towards their natural place in the universe.

Aristotle's explanation that every event has four causes: material, efficient, formal, and final cause.

The ancient Greek theory about our solar system, with the Earth at the center.

Before the 1700s, Europeans called the study of nature "natural philosophy."

The term "science" emerged in the 1800s to represent a more focused study of nature, emphasizing well-defined laws.

Eratosthenes, despite being a pioneer in scientific observation, would have been considered a philosopher in his time.

Teleology is the study of the purpose or end (telos) of things.

Modern science emphasizes the study of physical interactions, discarding the idea of purpose in natural systems.

It proposes that interactions among atoms, governed by strict natural laws, are the fundamental causes of all phenomena.

Aristotle believed things moved towards their natural place, while modern physics describes gravity as a force between objects.

Aristotle's model placed Earth at the center of the universe, while modern astronomy places the sun at the center of the solar system.

It was a major center of learning in the ancient world, where Eratosthenes served as a librarian.

The accumulated evidence of past life preserved in rocks, including bones, teeth, footprints, and fossilized traces of organisms.

Rocks formed from the accumulation and hardening of sediments, like sand, mud, and silt, often deposited by water.

Fossils are formed when organic remains are replaced by minerals over time, preserving their shape and structure.

Fossils can include preserved bones, teeth, footprints, traces of activity, and even remnants of ancient organisms trapped in amber or volcanic ash.

Sedimentary rocks form through the deposition of layers of sediments, and fossils are often trapped within these layers as they harden over time.

The oldest evidence of life are chemical fossils, dating back about 3.9 billion years ago, representing metabolic activity.

Stromatolites are layered rock formations created by mats of bacteria, providing evidence of early life on Earth.

The oldest stromatolites date back about 3.5 billion years ago, providing evidence for life on Earth.

Layers of rock formed by the accumulation and hardening of sediments over time

The age of a rock or fossil compared to other rocks or fossils, determined by its position in strata

The process by which organic matter is replaced by minerals, preserving it as a fossil

The process of sediments settling and accumulating over time, forming layers

The fossil record isn't complete because certain organisms are more likely to be preserved than others

Organisms that live in the ocean or bodies of water tend to be preserved better than land-dwelling organisms

Regions near the coast have a better fossil record than uplands because their remains are easier to bury

Information about the location, age, and environment where a fossil was found, important for understanding its significance

Fossils are dated using a combination of methods, including relative dating based on strata and radiometric dating based on radioactive decay

Fossils are most likely to be preserved in environments where sediment deposition occurs, and erosion and weathering are minimal.

Atoms of elements that decay over time, releasing particles and transforming into a different element.

The time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay.

A method for determining the age of rocks and fossils by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes.

A specific radiometric dating technique used to determine the age of organic materials (e.g., wood, bones) up to about 75,000 years old.

A radiometric dating technique used for older rocks and minerals containing uranium isotopes.

The position of a fossil within a sequence of rock layers, providing clues about its age relative to other fossils.

Using radiometrically dated volcanic ash layers surrounding fossils to determine the age of the fossiliferous strata.

The study of the ages of rocks and geological events.

Fossils provide direct evidence of past life forms and their environments, helping us understand the evolution of life on Earth.

The history of Earth, documented through layers of sedimentary rocks and the fossils they contain.

Fossils that show intermediate stages in the evolution of a species, demonstrating evolutionary links between groups.

A fossil bird with reptilian features, considered a key transitional form between dinosaurs and birds.

A group of tetrapods that includes mammals and their extinct ancestors, characterized by a specific skull structure.

Layered rock formations created by the activity of cyanobacteria, often found in shallow water environments, providing evidence of some of the earliest life on Earth.

A rapid diversification of a lineage into new forms with a wide range of adaptations, often triggered by new opportunities or environmental changes.

A catastrophic event that leads to the extinction of a large proportion of species on Earth, often resulting in major shifts in Earth's ecosystems.

Stromatolites form when cyanobacteria, a type of photosynthetic bacteria, trap sediment and create layered mats.

The fossil record provides evidence of past life, allowing us to trace evolutionary history, understand ancient environments, and study how life has changed over time.

The physical environment, including climate, geography, and available resources, influences the survival and evolution of species.

Adaptive radiations are often recognized by the rapid diversification of a lineage with diverse adaptations, often linked to a new environment or opportunity.

Examples include the extinction of dinosaurs, the Permian-Triassic extinction, and the Ordovician-Silurian extinction.

Fossils provide evidence of large-scale evolutionary patterns, such as mass extinctions, adaptive radiations, and the role of the physical environment in shaping life.