Historical Methods and Criticism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which aspect is considered when ensuring historical content is suitable for learners?

  • The number of historical figures mentioned.
  • The learner’s age and intellectual capacity. (correct)
  • The length of the historical period covered.
  • The complexity of the historical narrative.

    • What does historiography primarily examine?

  • The process of writing history. (correct)
  • The lives of historical figures.
  • The sequence of events in history.
  • The physical artifacts from the past.

    • Why is it important to understand who recorded historical events?

  • To assess the recorder's bias and perspective. (correct)
  • To learn the social class of the recorder.
  • To determine the quality of the source's paper.
  • To evaluate the accuracy of the dates.

    • Which of the following best describes the focus of social history?

    <p>The experiences of ordinary people in the past.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'verisimilitude' in the context of historical sources?

    <p>The quality of appearing true or real.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of connecting historical events to other fields like literature and art?

    <p>To provide a richer, more comprehensive understanding of the past.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason that historians might offer differing interpretations of the past?

    <p>They have different biases and perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a historical 'relic'?

    <p>An ancient coin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following questions is NOT typically part of external criticism?

    <p>Why was the source written?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of internal criticism?

    <p>To restore the meaning of the text and assess its reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is considered part of 'positive criticism' within internal criticism?

    <p>Determining if the source's words are used literally or with a different 'sense'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'negative criticism' within internal criticism primarily address?

    <p>The truth and accuracy of the source, including fabrication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of 'From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods'?

    <p>To help beginning researchers understand how historians use techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A historian encounters a document and must consider the materials used. Which period would immediately raise suspicion if the historian saw the source was written on paper?

    <p>15th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is least important when interpreting a historical source according to the text?

    <p>Confirming the source is translated to the language being spoken by most historians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a historical document appears to have been written by an eyewitness but also contains factual errors, what should the historian do, based on the text?

    <p>Try to determine the truth and the intention behind the source's inaccuracies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the BEST example of material evidence in historical research?

    <p>An ancient clay pot found at an archaeological site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a tertiary source in historical research?

    <p>It compiles and condenses information from various sources on a topic, often lacking a specific author.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the historical method?

    <p>The process historians use to study the past.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main purposes of using the historical method?

    <p>To understand why different cultures behave in specific ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does historical criticism primarily aim to investigate?

    <p>The origins of ancient texts to understand the context behind them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major influence in early historical criticism?

    <p>The Protestant Reformation ideology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a described goal of historical criticism?

    <p>To offer an interpretation of the text based on contemporary views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does historical criticism rely on when historical investigation is unavailable?

    <p>Philosophical and theological interpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the National Historical Institute's (NHI) admission that the Kalantiaw Code was a hoax?

    <p>The code included words from a language not yet present during its supposed creation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a source for precolonial Philippine history?

    <p>Oral traditions passed down through generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is primarily written in which language?

    <p>Old Malay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate date of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription?

    <p>900 AD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the nature of the debt mentioned in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription?

    <p>A debt of gold, equivalent to 926.4 grams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of the Medang Kingdom reference in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription suggest about precolonial Philippines?

    <p>The Philippines had political links with other regions in Southeast Asia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Around what time did the Malay people believed to have brought more advanced culture arrive in the Philippines?

    <p>Around 2300 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one notable characteristic of the Banaue Rice Terraces mentioned in the text?

    <p>They follow the natural contours of the mountains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text primarily describe as being passed down through generations, shaping landscapes and society?

    <p>Knowledge, traditions, and social customs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests early trade activities between the southern Chinese and the Philippines according to the text?

    <p>Archaeological findings of pottery and stone tools in both regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines?

    <p>To promote history and cultural heritage through various means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is TRUE regarding early Chinese interactions with the Philippines?

    <p>The Chinese became the first foreigners to do business with the islands as early as the 2nd century AD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes Phil Greco's contribution to Philippine history as outlined in the text?

    <p>He salvaged and recovered Chinese porcelain from shipwrecks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides the Chinese, what other groups of people included the Philippines in their trade runs by around AD 1100?

    <p>The Indians, Japanese, and people from Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Siam (Thailand).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text indicate was a major commodity traded in Butuan during the early trade period?

    <p>Gold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the National Archives of the Philippines?

    <p>Collecting artifacts from shipwrecks like those found by Phil Greco.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key aspect historians use to analyze a source?

    <p>Legitimacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of examining the 'context' of a historical source?

    <p>To understand the time period and events during the source's creation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'Maragtas' manuscript, was published in Iloilo, what language was it written in?

    <p>Mixed Hiligaynon and Kin-iraya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary methods used to check a source's authenticity?

    <p>Comparing the handwritings, ink, and paper quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the motive behind creating a historical source primarily reveal?

    <p>The purpose or intent behind creating the information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the issues surrounding the 'Code of Kalantiaw'?

    <p>No primary documents exist prior to 1913 and after further evidence had been investigated (a fake).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what does the 'Maragtas' claim to be?

    <p>An original work based on collected data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When evaluating historical biases, what does a historian primarily try to identify?

    <p>The ingrained perspectives in a source that might distort its content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Historical Sources

    • Historical study involves understanding the past through various sources.
    • Only a portion of observed events are remembered, recorded, and survive, influencing the historian's interpretation.
    • Historical sources include artifacts and testimonies (oral or written).

    Writing History

    • History aims to enhance knowledge, skills, attitudes, interests, and values.
    • Historical content must be age-appropriate and align with the learner's cognitive and psychological levels.
    • Historical narratives must be well-structured, linking people, dates, events clearly.
    • History should be connected to other fields (literature, science, art) and relevant to daily life. Local history is important.

    Historiography

    • Historiography is the study of how history is written.

    • It examines who recorded events, how they were documented, and why interpretations change over time.

    • Historiography is crucial to understanding the processes that shape how history is recorded, interpreted, and shared; it offers a critical lens to evaluate the methodologies, biases, and contexts influencing historical narratives.

    • Different historians might offer varying views due to variations in perspectives and methods employed.

    • Perspectives include political, social, economic, and cultural history, which focus on leaders, governments, policies, ordinary people, trade, resources, labor, and art, religion, and ideas.

    Verisimilitude

    • Verisimilitude refers to the quality of appearing to be true or real.

    Historical Sources

    • Sources are objects or testimonies from the past used by historians to understand and present the past.

    Sources of Historical Data

    • Historical data are derived from artifacts left behind from the past.
    • Relics (remains like pottery shards, coins, ruins, manuscripts, books, portraits, etc.)
    • Testimonies of witness, including oral or written sources(property exchanges, speeches, commentaries)

    Primary and Secondary Sources

    • Primary Sources

      • Provide direct access to the past
      • Examples include diaries, journals, autobiographies, sound recordings, interviews, artifacts
      • Enable researchers to understand what happened during a specific historical event.

    • Secondary Sources

      • Written about the primary source at a later time.
      • Based on the study of the primary source and interpreted evidence.
      • Examples include textbooks, encyclopedias, magazine articles, biographies.
      • Offer interpretations, analysis, and broader perspectives.

    Primary Source Examples

    • Diaries and journals (Example: Anne Frank's diary)
    • Autobiographies (Example: Nelson Mandela's autobiography)
    • Sound recordings and interviews ( Example: Historical interviews, radio addresses)
    • Artifacts

    Secondary Source Examples

    • Textbooks
    • Encyclopedias
    • Magazine or news articles dealing with issues from the past.
    • Books with footnotes and bibliographies
    • Reprints of artwork
    • Journals and magazine articles interpreting or reviewing previous findings.
    • Conference proceedings
    • Literary criticism, book reviews.
    • Works incorporating primary sources

    Why Use Primary Sources?

    • Offer a direct window into the past.
    • Provide unique perspectives about that time period.
    • Allow for a deeper understanding of how people's lives were during a specific period.
    • Personal documents enrich understanding of life in a specific era.

    Primary Source Disadvantages

    • Potential incompleteness; little context.
    • Relies on prior knowledge to understand the source.
    • Requires an ability to interpret patterns and observations.

    Why Use Secondary Sources

    • Provide analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of original information.
    • Useful for uncovering background information and broader perspectives.
    • Enables the understanding of complex historical contexts.
    • Combine multiple primary sources into a comprehensive narrative

    Secondary Source Disadvantages

    • Interpretation— potential for inaccuracies.
    • Validity may be questionable due to being second-hand information
    • Can be difficult to find trustworthy, reliable information.

    Written Sources of History

    • Narrative(Literary)
    • Diplomatic(or Juridical)
    • Social Documents

    Non-Written Sources of History

    • Material evidence (archaeological): pottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves, churches, roads.
    • Oral evidence: sagas, folk songs, popular rituals, interviews

    Tertiary Sources

    • Indexed, organized, and compiled resources.
    • Condense information about a historical topic; aggregate evidence.
    • Example: encyclopedias

    What Type of Source?

    • Use different types of sources to build a more comprehensive understanding of a specific era in history, including primary (direct accounts) and secondary (analyzing primary sources) material.

    Historical Criticism

    • The method historians use to study the past.
    • Similar to a set of steps to investigate and present a historical narrative.
    • Aids in solving present-day problems.

    Goal of Historical Criticism

    • Discover meaning of texts
    • Establish historical situation of author & recipient.
    • Assess source authenticity.
    • Weigh evidence against truth.

    Historical Criticism Branches

    • External Criticism (validity)
      • When & where document written?
      • Who was the real author?
      • Material of writing?
      • Language similar to time period?
      • Is it authentic?
    • Internal Criticism (meaning)
      • Author's viewpoint?
      • Intended purpose?
      • Consistency in source?
      • Intended meaning for the targeted audience?

    Tests of Authenticity

    • Check for anachronisms (use of materials, ideas, or words inconsistent with time period.).
    • Corroborate evidence or information through additional, related sources.
    • Provenance (the origin and history of a source).
    • Semantics (meaning of words in the source).
    • Hermeneutics (principles of interpretation)
    • Check for author's credentials, handwriting, signature, and/or seal.

    Examples of Historical Criticism

    • 15th-century Europe lacked widespread paper; 16th century saw the invention of the pencil.
    • Analyzing whether a text's language and concepts align with the timeline of historical context

    Analyzing a Historical Source

    • Determine the source's origin, context, audience, motive, relevance of information, and biases present.
    • By evaluating these factors, analysts can form a more comprehensive understanding of historical narratives, including the conditions and motives underlying the creation of historical text

    Specific Historical Documents

    • (Examples of specific historical documents & their origin)

    Repositories of Primary Sources in the Philippines

    • National Archives
    • National Library
    • National Historical Commission
    • National Museum

    Positivism

    • Approach of historiography where historians are required to cite written primary documents.

    Post-colonialism

    • School of thought which explores identities and histories of formerly colonized nations and challenged their societies which were shaped by the colonial past.

    Sources of Precolonial History of the Philippines

    • Archaeological findings
    • Records of trade contacts with other regions (e.g., Chinese and Song Dynasty, Bruneian Empire, Japan, Muslim traders)
    • Genealogy records of local rulers
    • Spanish chroniclers' accounts.
    • Historical analysis of social patterns unique to the region.

    Examples of Precolonial Historical Documents

    • (Example of Laguna Copperplate Inscription from 900 CE)

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in historical methods, focusing on historiography, the evaluation of historical sources, and the importance of context in understanding historical events. Test your knowledge on different types of criticism and the role of historians in interpreting the past.

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