Historical Institutionalism: Strengths & Weaknesses

Historical institutionalism emphasizes the prolonged effects of institutional structures, noting their tendency to develop ______, which resists sudden change.

The concept of ______ suggests that once a policy or institutional structure is established, it reinforces itself, making alternative paths less likely.

One critique of historical institutionalism is that it is often overly ______, focusing more on describing the influence of the past rather than predicting future institutional changes.

Historical institutionalism is sometimes viewed as overly ______ because it can underestimate the role of agency and innovation in facilitating institutional change.

A limitation of historical institutionalism is its focus on formal structures, often overlooking broader societal forces such as ______, public opinion, and social movements that drive political change.

Historical institutionalism is valuable for understanding political ______ and institutional development, but may not fully explain rapid transformations.

Canada's health care system, with its public, single-payer model, illustrates how historical institutionalism’s path dependency has made ______ politically and institutionally challenging.

Canadian political culture encompasses the ______, beliefs, and attitudes that shape political behaviour and governance in the country.

The British North America Act of 1867 established the structure of Canada's ______.

The Constitution Act of 1982 introduced significant changes, including the patriation of the Constitution from Britain, the addition of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the establishment of formal ______ formulas.

In addition to core documents, ______ conventions, judicial decisions, and statutes passed over time contribute to Canada's constitutional framework.

Most major constitutional changes must be approved by Parliament and at least seven provinces representing at least 50 percent of the ______.

Some amendments, such as those affecting the monarchy or Senate representation, require ______ provincial consent.

The ______ model of representation emphasizes that elected officials should use their own judgment and expertise to make decisions in the best interests of their constituents, even if it means making unpopular decisions.

In contrast to the trustee model, the ______ model suggests that representatives should act as direct voices for the people they represent, strictly following the wishes of their constituents.

The ______ model emphasizes that representatives are elected primarily to implement the policies and platforms of their political parties, reinforcing party discipline.

Advocates of the ______ model argue that the composition of government should reflect the demographic diversity of the population, ensuring that different social groups are represented.

Canadian ______ is often discussed in relation to issues like immigration policy, language rights, and anti-discrimination measures.

Economic and linguistic concerns continue to drive ______ sentiment, particularly as Quebec faces challenges such as declining birth rates and increased immigration.

Canada's official recognition of multiculturalism as a government policy began in 1971 when Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau introduced a federal ______ policy.

The Canadian Multiculturalism Act, reinforced in 1988, affirmed that cultural diversity was a fundamental characteristic of Canadian society, ensuring equal political and economic ______.

While separatist movements like the Parti Québécois remain active, there is a growing trend towards advocating for greater ______ within Canada rather than outright independence.

As of the 2016 Census, nearly 20 percent of Canada's population was born outside the country, and by 2041, half of Canadians are expected to be children of ______.

Unlike previous phases of Quebec nationalism which focused on political independence or legal recognition within the Canadian federation, the contemporary movement emphasizes the protection of Quebec's ______ identity in an era of globalization and demographic change.

One of the strongest manifestations of the Quiet Revolution was the ______ of Hydro-Quebec in 1963, which gave the province control over its energy resources.

Initially, multicultural policies in Canada focused on cultural celebration, often referred to as the '______ and dance' phase.

In the context of representative models, a legislator who votes according to their conscience and personal expertise, even when it conflicts with public opinion, is embodying the ______ model.

The creation of the Ministry of Education in 1964 ______ and modernized the province's education system, shifting authority away from the Catholic Church.

Economic ______ also played a crucial role, exemplified by the emergence of "Quebec Inc.", a coalition of government and private enterprises that promoted Quebec's economic interests.

A political party that emphasizes strict adherence to its platform and expects all its elected members to vote along party lines is operating under the ______ model of representation.

Canadian political culture balances individual rights with ______ welfare, setting it apart from the stronger emphasis on individualism in the United States.

The ______ approach to studying political culture examines political behaviour at a specific point in time, without delving into its historical evolution.

Language policies, such as Bill 101 in 1977, reinforced the dominance of the ______ language in public life, solidifying linguistic identity as a core aspect of Quebec nationalism.

In contrast to the synchronic approach, the ______ approach analyzes how political culture evolves over time, considering historical trends and major events.

The contemporary Quebec nationalist movement emphasizes ______ of Quebec's French identity in an era of globalization and demographic change.

______ in Canada is significantly shaped by its diverse geography, history, and political structures, leading to distinct regional identities.

The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s was a ______ period in Quebec's history, marked by significant political, economic, and social changes.

The perception that federal policies favor Central Canada at the expense of Western provinces is a key factor contributing to ______ alienation.

______ nationalism exemplifies strong regionalism in Canada, driven by a unique cultural and linguistic identity.

Federal ______ payments are an example of national policies that help reduce economic disparities between provinces, fostering national unity.

Policies that encourage cross-regional integration by recognizing Canada's linguistic and cultural diversity include bilingualism and ______.

While regional differences persist, national institutions and policies play a crucial role in ______ the impact of regionalism on Canadian politics.

In a ______ system, representation can take multiple forms, influencing how elected officials perceive their roles.

Historical Institutionalism

Institutional Inertia

Path Dependency

Descriptive vs. Predictive

Rigidity and Determinism

Legalistic Focus

Political Culture

Canadian Constitution

British North America Act (1867)

Constitution Act of 1982

Constitutional Conventions

Amending the Canadian Constitution

Canadian Political Culture

Synchronic Approach

Diachronic Approach

Canadian Regionalism

Western Alienation

Quebec Nationalism

Equalization Payments

Bilingualism Policy

Multiculturalism Policy

Forms of Representation

Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies

Focus of Current Quebec Nationalism

Drivers of Nationalist Sentiment

Shift in Quebec Nationalism

The Quiet Revolution

Nationalization of Hydro-Quebec (1963)

Creation of Ministry of Education (1964)

"Quebec Inc."

Impact of "Quebec Inc."

Bill 101 (1977)

Trustee Model

Delegate Model

Mandate Model

Microcosm Model

Canadian Multiculturalism Policy (1971)

Canadian Multiculturalism Act (1988)

Demographic Impact of Multiculturalism

"Song and Dance" Phase

Political Representation of Ethnic Minorities

Cultural Traditions