Statistics: Lecture 2

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What is the primary focus of epidemiology?

Diagnosing and treating diseases

Promoting healthy behaviors in the community

Tracking the spread and causes of diseases in populations (correct)

Developing new pharmaceutical drugs

Which of the following best describes the role of epidemiologists?

Administering vaccinations to the public

Conducting clinical trials for new medications

Developing surgical techniques for treating diseases

Studying the impact of environmental factors on health (correct)

In the context of the text, what is a likely reason for public health officials and researchers to be called epidemiologists?

Their involvement in designing public health campaigns

Their contributions to pharmaceutical product development

Their expertise in conducting genetic research

Their focus on understanding disease patterns in populations (correct)

What would be an example of a topic that epidemiologists might study?

The impact of air pollution on respiratory health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of epidemiology?

Analyzing population-wide health data to identify trends Signup and view all the answers

How do epidemiologists contribute to public health practice?

By conducting research to inform public health policies and interventions Signup and view all the answers

Which century witnessed the extension of epidemiology to injuries and violence?

20th century Signup and view all the answers

What did the studies by Doll and Hill link to smoking?

Lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive epidemiology covers which of the following?

Time, place, and person Signup and view all the answers

What type of data are usually displayed with a two-dimensional graph in descriptive epidemiology?

Case count or rate data over time Signup and view all the answers

What does analyzing data by place in descriptive epidemiology help identify?

Communities at increased risk of disease Signup and view all the answers

'Descriptive and analytical epidemiology' refers to the taxonomy of which of the following studies?

Observational studies Signup and view all the answers

What does analytical epidemiology look for?

Risk factors or etiology of a disease Signup and view all the answers

What do time data in descriptive epidemiology usually reveal?

Number or rate of cases over time Signup and view all the answers

What did Richard Doll's studies find regarding lung cancer and smoking?

Lung cancer rate among smokers is significantly higher than non-smokers. Signup and view all the answers

Which century saw the extension of molecular and genetic epidemiology?

21st century Signup and view all the answers

What is the main public health message emphasized in relation to smoking?

If you smoke, quit as soon as possible. Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of epidemiology concerned with?

The distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what did Hippocrates suggest might influence the development of a disease?

Environmental and host factors such as behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the father of modern vital statistics and surveillance?

William Farr Signup and view all the answers

What does epidemiology rely on for collection, analysis, and interpretation of data?

Sound scientific methods Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'specified populations' in the context of epidemiology?

The people in a community or population Signup and view all the answers

What did John Graunt analyze in his landmark publication in 1662?

Mortality data Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pattern' refer to in epidemiology?

The occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and personal characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'determinants' in the context of epidemiology?

The causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events Signup and view all the answers

What did Hippocrates look at disease as, according to the text?

An imbalance in fluids (or humours) Signup and view all the answers

What methods does epidemiology draw on from other scientific fields?

Biostatistics, informatics, economics, and social sciences Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is health-related states or events?

Communicable and non-communicable diseases; injuries; birth defects; maternal-child health; occupational health; environmental health; behaviors related to health and well-being Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of John Snow's studies of cholera outbreaks?

To discover the cause of disease and to prevent its spread Signup and view all the answers

What type of map did John Snow create to show the geographic distribution of cholera cases?

Spot map Signup and view all the answers

What did John Snow conclude about the Broad Street pump (Pump A)?

It was the primary source of water and the most likely source of infection for most persons with cholera in the Golden Square area Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason given by residents for avoiding Pump B?

It was grossly contaminated Signup and view all the answers

What did John Snow's second investigation focus on?

Cholera mortality among districts serviced by different water companies Signup and view all the answers

Which water company moved its intake water works to a site well upstream from London to avoid contamination by sewage?

Lambeth Company Signup and view all the answers

According to Snow's second investigation, what was the difference in cholera death rate between districts served only by the Southwark and Vauxhall Company and those served only by the Lambeth Company?

More than 5 times higher in districts served only by the Southwark and Vauxhall Company Signup and view all the answers

Why did Snow focus on the districts served by both water companies in his second investigation?

To compare households within a district except for the water supply company Signup and view all the answers

What did Snow identify for every house in which a death from cholera had occurred during his second investigation?

The water supply company Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor that Snow considered in his investigations of cholera outbreaks?

The location of water pumps in relation to households with cases of cholera Signup and view all the answers

What did Snow believe was the most likely source of infection for most persons with cholera in the Golden Square area?

The Broad Street pump (Pump A) Signup and view all the answers

Based on Snow's investigations, what did he believe to be a significant factor in the spread of cholera?

Contaminated water from specific pumps Signup and view all the answers

Who demonstrated through epidemiologic studies that water could serve as a vehicle for transmitting cholera?

John Snow Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the constant and/or usual presence of a disease (or infectious agent) in a population within a geographic area?

Endemic Signup and view all the answers

In the 1950s and 1960s, who linked lung cancer to smoking?

Doll and Hill Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sporadic' refer to in epidemiology?

A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly Signup and view all the answers

What is the observed level of disease in a community called?

Baseline level Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pandemic' refer to?

An epidemic that has spread over continents, usually affecting a large number of people Signup and view all the answers

What does 'cluster' refer to in epidemiology?

Refers to an aggregation of cases, grouped in place and time, that are suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number may not be known. Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area?

Epidemic Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to an outbreak that is often used for a more limited geographic area?

Outbreak Signup and view all the answers

Who extended epidemiology to molecular and genetic epidemiology in the 1990s?

John Snow Signup and view all the answers

Who extended epidemiology to injuries and violence in the 1980s?

John Snow Signup and view all the answers

Who focused on acute infectious diseases in the 1800s?

John Snow Signup and view all the answers

In a cross-sectional study, what do the key features typically include?

Taking a snapshot of a population at a single point in time and measuring disease prevalence in relation to the exposure prevalence Signup and view all the answers

What is the utility of cross-sectional studies?

Public health planning and etiologic research Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of cross-sectional studies?

They cannot infer the temporal sequence between the exposure and disease Signup and view all the answers

What do ecological studies examine?

The rates of disease in relation to a factor developed on a population level Signup and view all the answers

What may be a population-level factor in ecological studies?

An aggregate measure summarizing the individual members of the population Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of ecological studies?

They are unable to detect complicated relationships due to the crude nature of data Signup and view all the answers

Why do ecological studies remain popular despite their limitations?

They can be done quickly and inexpensively since they often rely on pre-existing data Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the bio-behavioral survey mentioned in the text?

HIV prevalence and use of United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) indicators in multiple cities Signup and view all the answers

Which cities had the highest and lowest HIV prevalence in men who have sex with men (MSM), according to the survey data?

Barcelona (highest) and Bucharest (lowest) Signup and view all the answers

What did the data show regarding condom use during anal sex across the surveyed cities?

Barcelona had the highest percentage of condom use, while other cities reported lower percentages Signup and view all the answers

What was the main public health concern highlighted by the survey data?

The high-risk sexual behavior documented and lower frequency of HIV test seeking behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does an ecological study examine?

The association between variables on an aggregate level without considering individual-level information Signup and view all the answers

Statistics: Lecture 2

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of epidemiology?

Which of the following best describes the role of epidemiologists?

In the context of the text, what is a likely reason for public health officials and researchers to be called epidemiologists?

What would be an example of a topic that epidemiologists might study?

Which of the following is a key aspect of epidemiology?

How do epidemiologists contribute to public health practice?

Which century witnessed the extension of epidemiology to injuries and violence?

What did the studies by Doll and Hill link to smoking?

Descriptive epidemiology covers which of the following?

What type of data are usually displayed with a two-dimensional graph in descriptive epidemiology?

What does analyzing data by place in descriptive epidemiology help identify?

'Descriptive and analytical epidemiology' refers to the taxonomy of which of the following studies?

What does analytical epidemiology look for?

What do time data in descriptive epidemiology usually reveal?

What did Richard Doll's studies find regarding lung cancer and smoking?

Which century saw the extension of molecular and genetic epidemiology?

What is the main public health message emphasized in relation to smoking?

What is the study of epidemiology concerned with?

According to the text, what did Hippocrates suggest might influence the development of a disease?

Who is considered the father of modern vital statistics and surveillance?

What does epidemiology rely on for collection, analysis, and interpretation of data?

What is meant by 'specified populations' in the context of epidemiology?

What did John Graunt analyze in his landmark publication in 1662?

What does the term 'pattern' refer to in epidemiology?

What is meant by 'determinants' in the context of epidemiology?

What did Hippocrates look at disease as, according to the text?

What methods does epidemiology draw on from other scientific fields?

According to the text, what is health-related states or events?

What was the primary purpose of John Snow's studies of cholera outbreaks?

What type of map did John Snow create to show the geographic distribution of cholera cases?

What did John Snow conclude about the Broad Street pump (Pump A)?

What was the main reason given by residents for avoiding Pump B?

What did John Snow's second investigation focus on?

Which water company moved its intake water works to a site well upstream from London to avoid contamination by sewage?

According to Snow's second investigation, what was the difference in cholera death rate between districts served only by the Southwark and Vauxhall Company and those served only by the Lambeth Company?

Why did Snow focus on the districts served by both water companies in his second investigation?

What did Snow identify for every house in which a death from cholera had occurred during his second investigation?

What was a key factor that Snow considered in his investigations of cholera outbreaks?

What did Snow believe was the most likely source of infection for most persons with cholera in the Golden Square area?

Based on Snow's investigations, what did he believe to be a significant factor in the spread of cholera?

Who demonstrated through epidemiologic studies that water could serve as a vehicle for transmitting cholera?

What term refers to the constant and/or usual presence of a disease (or infectious agent) in a population within a geographic area?

In the 1950s and 1960s, who linked lung cancer to smoking?

What does the term 'sporadic' refer to in epidemiology?

What is the observed level of disease in a community called?

What does the term 'pandemic' refer to?

What does 'cluster' refer to in epidemiology?

What term refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area?

What term refers to an outbreak that is often used for a more limited geographic area?

Who extended epidemiology to molecular and genetic epidemiology in the 1990s?

Who extended epidemiology to injuries and violence in the 1980s?

Who focused on acute infectious diseases in the 1800s?

In a cross-sectional study, what do the key features typically include?

What is the utility of cross-sectional studies?

What is a limitation of cross-sectional studies?

What do ecological studies examine?

What may be a population-level factor in ecological studies?

What is a limitation of ecological studies?

Why do ecological studies remain popular despite their limitations?

What was the focus of the bio-behavioral survey mentioned in the text?

Which cities had the highest and lowest HIV prevalence in men who have sex with men (MSM), according to the survey data?

What did the data show regarding condom use during anal sex across the surveyed cities?

What was the main public health concern highlighted by the survey data?

What does an ecological study examine?

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