Questions and Answers
What is the main disadvantage of field gene banks mentioned?
Which crop is associated with the Directorate of Wheat Research?
Which research institution is responsible for oil seed crops?
What factor contributes to the costliness of maintaining germplasm in field gene banks?
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Which of the following crop species is not mentioned in relation to gene banks in India?
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Which city hosts the Central Potato Research Institute?
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What common issue can field gene banks face from natural disasters?
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Which crop is managed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute?
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Which institute is responsible for the research of sugarcane?
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What is a challenge associated with the germplasm in field gene banks aside from pests?
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Study Notes
Historical Contributions to Genetics
- Bateson introduced terms including "allelomorph," "homozygote," "heterozygote," "F1," and "F2."
- In 1902, DeVries proposed the mutation theory of evolution.
- Johannsen (1903) developed the pure line theory of selection.
- Hannig (1904) conducted embryo culture research.
- Bateson coined the term "genetics" in 1906.
- Nilsson-Ehle (1908) introduced the multiple factor hypothesis.
- Hardy and Weinberg established the Hardy-Weinberg law between 1908-1909.
- Shull introduced the term "heterosis" in 1914.
- Blakeslee discovered trisomics in Datura.
Post-Mendelian Era Advances
- Muller reported artificial mutations in animals induced by X-rays in 1927.
- Stadler described the mutagenic effects of X-rays on barley in 1928.
- Cytological proof of crossing-over was provided by Stern, Creighton, and McClintock in 1931.
- Rhoades studied cytoplasmic male sterility in maize in 1933.
- Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty confirmed DNA as hereditary material in 1944.
- Hull introduced the recurrent selection method in 1945.
- In 1946, Comstock and colleagues developed reciprocal (half-sib) recurrent selection.
- McClintock discovered "jumping genes" in 1950.
Modern Era Innovations
- Jensen worked on multilines in oats in 1952.
- Benzer defined the cistron, recon, and muton in 1955.
- Vanderplank introduced vertical and horizontal resistance concepts in 1963.
- N.E. Borlaug led the Green Revolution in 1964.
- Donald conceptualized crop ideotypes in 1968.
- The first hybrid rice (CMS based) was cultivated in China in 1978.
- In 1983, the first transgenic plant, Tobacco, was engineered in the USA.
- Monsanto introduced the first transgenic cotton plant in 1987.
- The Flavr Savr tomato was launched by Calgene in 1994.
History of Plant Breeding in India
- The Government of India established the Department of Agriculture in 1871.
- The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was founded in Pusa (Bihar) in 1905.
- Indian Central Cotton Committee was formed in 1921.
- The Imperial Council of Agricultural Research was established in New Delhi in 1929.
- The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute relocated to New Delhi in 1936.
Notable Advances in Hybrid and Synthetic Development
- Maize hybrids include Ganga series, Ganga safed-2, African Tall, and Manjari.
- Sorghum varieties include CSH-1 to CSH-15 R.
- Bajra varieties consist of WCC-75, PHB-10, ICTP-8203, Shraddha, and Saburi.
- Cotton hybrids include H-4, Var. Laxmi, Savitri, and NH-44.
Prominent Indian Scientists in Plant Breeding
- Dr. M.S. Swaminathan focused on mutation breeding.
- Maheshwari and Guha produced haploid plants in vitro from pollen in 1964.
- C.A. Barber and T.S. Venkatraman worked on nobilization of sugarcane.
- Dr. Athwal contributed to bajra breeding.
- K. Ramiah specialized in rice breeding.
- Dr. N.G.P. Rao focused on sorghum.
- Pushkarnath worked on potato.
- Ram Dhan Singh was a wheat breeder.
- C.T. Patel specialized in cotton breeding.
Future Prospects in Plant Breeding
- Genetic manipulation to increase the frequency of desirable alleles.
- Intensive breeding programs for pulses and oilseed crops.
- Implementation of improved breeding methods with crop management practices.
- Use of heritability methods to enhance crop management.
- Development of high-yield varieties for vegetables and seed crops.
- Quality improvements in oilseeds and vegetables.
- Utilization of transgenic plants like Bt-Cotton and genetically engineered rice.
Domestication and Introduction of Plants
- Domestication is the process of bringing wild species under human management.
- All cultivated crops have genetically changed from their wild ancestors.
- Sources for plant introduction include gene banks and diversity centers.
Procedures for Plant Introduction
- Key steps include procurement, quarantine, cataloging, evaluation, multiplication, and distribution.
- Germplasm can be procured through various means including donations and purchases.
- Quarantine measures prevent disease spread in introduced materials.
- Cataloguing assigns an accession number and records essential information.
Purpose and Achievements of Plant Introduction
- New crop species (e.g., maize, potato) are introduced for various uses.
- New varieties contribute to crop improvement and disease resistance.
- Scientific studies and aesthetic values benefit from introduced plant species.
Centers of Origin and Diversity
- Centers of diversity are geographic regions with the greatest crop variability.
- The maintenance of germplasm in field gene banks is critical but costly.
Gene Banks for Various Crops in India
- Gene banks in different locations manage crops like wheat, rice, potato, and more.
- Notable institutions include the Directorate of Wheat Research, Central Rice Research Institute, and Sugarcane Breeding Institute.
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Description
Explore the key figures and theories that shaped the field of genetics in this quiz. From Bateson's terminology to the mutation theories proposed by DeVries, test your knowledge on the pivotal advances from the post-Mendelian era. Gain insights into the foundational concepts that continue to influence modern genetics.
