Historical Concepts of Mental Illness
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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of a panic attack?

  • Improved concentration
  • Sweating and trembling (correct)
  • Increased social interactions
  • Euphoria

What characterizes panic disorder?

  • Recurrent panic attacks with unpredictable onset (correct)
  • Consistent feelings of joy
  • Only occurs during stressful situations
  • Ability to control panic attacks

Generalized anxiety disorder is defined by anxiety and worry occurring for how long?

  • At least 1 year
  • At least 3 weeks
  • At least 6 months (correct)
  • Less than 1 month

Which of the following cognitive theories result in anxiety?

<p>Faulty and distorted thinking patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is believed to be involved in the etiology of panic disorder?

<p>Norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a symptom of generalized anxiety disorder?

<p>Excessive energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a phobia?

<p>Intensely felt and irrational fear of a specific stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a psychodynamic explanation for anxiety?

<p>Overuse of ego defense mechanisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ascites primarily a response to?

<p>Portal hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serious complication may arise from hepatic encephalopathy?

<p>Progression to coma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications can help decrease blood ammonia levels?

<p>Lactulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common short-term effect of alcohol use on sexual function?

<p>Enhanced libido (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are typically associated with alcohol withdrawal?

<p>Coarse hand tremors and anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes thrombocytopenia in patients with a history of alcohol use?

<p>Toxic effects of alcohol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what blood alcohol level does alcohol intoxication typically occur?

<p>100 to 200 mg/dl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the distention of esophageal veins?

<p>Esophageal varices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is characteristic of peripheral neuropathy caused by alcohol use?

<p>Tingling sensations in the extremities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential result of thiamine deficiency in alcoholics?

<p>Korsakoff's psychosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the stomach lining due to alcohol use?

<p>Gastritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serious condition can result from untreated Wernicke's encephalopathy?

<p>Death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with cirrhosis of the liver?

<p>Portal hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with alcoholic hepatitis?

<p>Shortness of breath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of chronic pancreatitis related to alcohol use?

<p>Pancreatic insufficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result in paralysis of the ocular muscles as a result of heavy alcohol use?

<p>Wernicke's encephalopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average age of onset for bipolar disorder?

<p>25 years old (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of bipolar I disorder?

<p>History of one or more manic episodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bipolar disorder is characterized by hypomania but never a full manic episode?

<p>Bipolar II disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common predisposing factor for mood disorders?

<p>Family history of mood disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes cyclothymic disorder?

<p>Chronic mood disturbance for at least 2 years without long symptom-free periods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines hypomania in bipolar disorder?

<p>A milder form of mania (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding substance-induced bipolar disorder?

<p>Mood disturbance results directly from substance effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for bipolar disorder identified in family studies?

<p>Having both parents with the disorder increases risk substantially (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Stage 2 cognitive decline?

<p>Forgetfulness of names (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cognitive decline is characterized by noticeable changes in work performance?

<p>Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do individuals often forget significant personal events?

<p>Stage 4: Mild to moderate cognitive decline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior seen in Stage 4 cognitive decline?

<p>Confabulation to cover memory gaps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about Stage 5 cognitive decline?

<p>Individuals lose the ability to perform some activities of daily living (ADLs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feeling may individuals experience during Stage 2 cognitive decline?

<p>Shame and anxiety about their cognitive decline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of mild cognitive decline in Stage 3?

<p>Difficulty with concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals in Stage 5 cognitive decline typically feel about their knowledge of themselves?

<p>They maintain knowledge about themselves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with somatic symptom disorder?

<p>Symptoms that are medically unexplained (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment modality for dissociative amnesia?

<p>Psychotherapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is characteristic of conversion disorder?

<p>Change in body function without medical explanation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common psychological factor associated with illness anxiety disorder?

<p>Unrealistic interpretation of bodily symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor likely contributes to somatic symptom disorders?

<p>Family history of psychiatric disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of dissociative identity disorder?

<p>Presence of multiple distinct personality states (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a predictor of higher prevalence in conversion disorder?

<p>Lower education levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do psychological factors typically influence somatic symptom disorders?

<p>They exacerbate existing medical conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological defense mechanism is observed in illness anxiety disorder?

<p>Repression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for depersonalization-derealization disorder?

<p>Cognitive behavioral therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by an inability to recall important personal information?

<p>Dissociative amnesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a defining symptom of depersonalization?

<p>Feeling detached from the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of treatment for somatic symptom disorders, what is an important approach?

<p>A combination of therapeutic and psychopharmacological methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the psychological effects within learning theory related to somatic complaints?

<p>Illness provides an escape from obligations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Panic Attack Symptoms

Physical and emotional signs such as sweating, trembling, chest pain, nausea, and dizziness, often experienced during a panic attack.

Panic Disorder

Mental health condition with recurrent panic attacks, unpredictable onset, and intense fear or terror, often with physical discomfort.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Chronic anxiety and worry lasting for at least six months, impacting daily life, and not due to other medical conditions.

GAD Symptoms

Symptoms include irritability, difficulty concentrating, anxiety, worry, lack of control over worry, restlessness, decreased energy, difficulty sleeping, and muscle tension.

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Phobia

Intense, irrational fear of a specific object, animal, situation, or activity that leads to avoidance.

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Panic Attack

A sudden onset of intense fear and physical discomfort.

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Biochemical Factor (Panic)

Elevated blood lactate levels linked to panic disorder symptoms.

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Cognitive Theory (Anxiety)

Faulty thinking patterns contribute to and maintain anxiety.

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Ascites

Excess fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity due to high pressure in the portal vein (liver).

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Esophageal Varices

Swollen and enlarged veins in the esophagus caused by increased pressure from a diseased liver.

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Hepatic Encephalopathy

Brain dysfunction resulting from the liver's inability to remove ammonia from the blood.

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Lactulose

Medication that reduces ammonia levels in the blood by trapping it in the gut.

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Leukopenia

A decrease in white blood cell count caused by alcohol's impact on their production, function, and movement.

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Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count due to alcohol's toxic effects on platelet production and survival.

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Alcohol Intoxication

The state of being drunk, with symptoms appearing when blood alcohol level is between 100 and 200 mg/dl.

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Alcohol Withdrawal

Symptoms that occur within 4-12 hours after stopping or reducing alcohol intake after prolonged heavy use.

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Alcoholic Myopathy

Muscle problems caused by alcohol abuse, often linked to vitamin deficiencies like peripheral neuropathy, and can be acute or chronic.

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Wernicke's Encephalopathy

Serious thiamine deficiency in alcoholics, causing eye muscle paralysis, walking problems, and confusion. Untreated can be fatal

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Korsakoff's Psychosis

A severe brain disorder linked to alcohol abuse which results in memory loss and confusion, often associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy.

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Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy

Alcohol's effect on the heart leading to lipid build-up in heart muscle, impacting its function.

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Alcoholic Hepatitis

Liver inflammation caused by long-term heavy alcohol use, potentially leading to cirrhosis.

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Cirrhosis of the Liver

The final stage of chronic alcohol-related liver disease, caused by scar tissue formation, and impaired blood flow.

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Pancreatitis (Acute)

Sudden inflammation of the pancreas, often following a binge, characterized by severe epigastric pain

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Esophagitis/Gastritis

Alcohol-related inflammation, in the esophagus (esophagitis) and stomach lining (gastritis), leading to pain and discomfort

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Somatic Symptom Disorders

Physical symptoms suggesting medical disease without demonstrable organic pathology, lasting 6 months or more.

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Conversion Disorder

Loss of or change in body function unexplained by medical disorder, affecting voluntary motor or sensory function.

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Illness Anxiety Disorder

Unrealistic or inaccurate interpretation of physical symptoms, with excessive worry and anxiety about having a serious illness.

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Factitious Disorder

Consciously feigning physical or psychological symptoms to gain attention or emotional support.

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Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall important personal information, exceeding normal forgetfulness, not due to substance or medical condition.

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Dissociative Fugue

Sudden, unexpected travel away from usual surroundings with an inability to recall some of one's past.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Presence of two or more distinct personality states in one individual, sometimes sudden or gradual in transition.

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Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder

Experiencing feelings of unreality (detachment from self) or unreality of the environment.

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Primary Gain in Somatic Symptom Disorder

Avoiding stressful obligations or duties through the illness.

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Secondary Gain in Somatic Symptom Disorder

Becoming the focus of attention because of the illness.

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Tertiary Gain in Somatic Symptom Disorder

Resolving family conflict by focusing on the sick person.

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Nursing Diagnosis

A statement of a patient's health problem or response to a health problem.

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Psychological Factors affecting Medical Condition

Psychological factors play a role in many conditions, be this illness, injury or similar events.

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Bipolar Disorder

A mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, ranging from deep depression to intense euphoria (mania), with periods of normalcy in between.

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Mania

A state of intense euphoria, often characterized by inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, and increased energy and impulsivity.

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Hypomania

A milder form of mania, where symptoms are less severe and do not cause significant impairment in daily life.

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Bipolar I Disorder

Characterized by at least one manic episode and possible episodes of depression.

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Bipolar II Disorder

Characterized by episodes of depression and hypomania, but never full-blown manic episodes.

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Cyclothymic Disorder

A milder and more chronic form of bipolar disorder, with frequent but less intense mood swings that do not meet the criteria for mania or major depression.

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Family History and Bipolar Disorder

Having a parent with a mood disorder increases the risk for developing bipolar disorder in their children.

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Stage 2 Alzheimer's

Mild forgetfulness, losing things, forgetting names, awareness of decline, anxiety, depression. Maintained with lists and routine.

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Stage 3 Alzheimer's

Changes in thinking and reasoning affect work, getting lost while driving, difficulty concentrating, recalling names, and planning. Noticed by others.

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Stage 4 Alzheimer's

Forgetting major personal events (child's birthday), difficulty with tasks (shopping, finances), inability to understand current events, denial and confabulation, withdrawal, requires assistance.

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Stage 5 Alzheimer's

Inability to perform basic ADLs (hygiene, dressing), requires assistance with daily tasks, forgets addresses, phone numbers, and family names, disoriented about time and place, but self-aware.

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Confabulation

Creating imaginary events to fill in memory gaps, often seen in later stages of Alzheimer's.

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ADL

Activities of Daily Living, basic self-care tasks like dressing, bathing, and eating.

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PET Scan

A brain imaging technique used to detect changes in brain activity, revealing potential signs of Alzheimer's disease.

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How does Alzheimer's affect a person's ability to function?

The disease progresses through various stages, starting with mild forgetfulness and leading to significant cognitive decline, inability to perform ADLs, and require assistance with most aspects of daily life.

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Study Notes

Historical Concepts of Mental Illness

  • Early beliefs often attributed mental illness to demonic possession or witchcraft.
  • Treatments in the past often involved harsh and violent methods.
  • 18th-century Philadelphia saw the first hospital in America to admit patients with mental illness.
  • Benjamin Rush is considered the "father of American psychiatry."
  • Dorothea Dix established the first asylums in America in the 19th century.
  • Psychiatric nursing began in 1873.

Defining Mental Health and Illness

  • Mental health is defined as adaptation to internal and external stressors, evidenced by appropriate thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
  • Mental illness involves maladaptive responses to stressors, characterized by behaviors incongruent with local and cultural norms interfering with social, occupational, or physical functioning.
  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs, safety is at the top level.
  • Anxiety and grief are two typical physiological response patterns to stress.

Peplau's Anxiety Levels

  • Mild anxiety: Usually not problematic, individuals utilize coping behaviors to address the need.
  • Moderate anxiety: The perceptual field narrows, but the individual can still focus on their surroundings and solve problems.
  • Severe anxiety: The perceptual field diminishes significantly, significantly impacting ability for concentration and problem-solving.
  • Panic anxiety: The individual loses contact with reality, unable to process environmental stimuli.

Defense Mechanisms

  • Compensation: Emphasizing a desirable trait to offset a perceived weakness.
  • Rationalization: Creating logical explanations to justify feelings or behaviors.
  • Denial: Refusing to acknowledge a situation or associated feelings
  • Reaction formation: Exaggerating behaviors opposite of unacceptable thoughts

Grief Response (Kubler-Ross's Stages)

  • Five stages of grief: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
  • Grief process duration is highly individualized.
  • Factors like prior relationship dynamics may influence the experience of grief.

General Adaptation Syndrome

  • Alarm reaction: The initial "fight or flight" response to a stressor.
  • Stage of resistance: The body attempts to adapt or cope with the continued stressor.
  • Stage of exhaustion: The body's resources are depleted due to ongoing exposure to stress.

Principles of Therapeutic Communication

  • Offering self: Make yourself available to the client.
  • Giving broad openings: Allow the client to choose what to talk about.
  • Making observations: Verbally noting what you observe and perceive.
  • Encouraging description of perceptions: Help the client to describe what they are experiencing.

Other Therapeutic Communication Skills

  • Exploring: Delving further into a topic.
  • Seeking clarification: To help the client express their feelings in more specific or explicit detail.
  • Voicing doubt: Expressing uncertainty to help explore the situation.
  • Responding to the implied: Identifying and expressing the feelings behind stated ideas.
  • Restating/Reflecting: Rephrasing the clients' words to clarify understanding.
  • Focusing: Helping the client concentrate on one topic.

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Explore the evolution of mental illness concepts from early beliefs to modern definitions. This quiz covers significant historical figures, treatment methods, and the establishment of mental health institutions. Understand how societal perceptions have shaped mental health care over the years.

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