Historical Background of Indian Polity
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following Acts introduced the concept of communal electorates in India, creating separate voting systems for Muslims?

  • The Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms) (correct)
  • The Government of India Act 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms)
  • The Government of India Act 1935
  • The Indian Councils Act of 1892

    • Which Act aimed to establish an All-India Federation by bringing together provinces and princely states?

  • The Government of India Act 1935 (correct)
  • The Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms)
  • The Indian Councils Act of 1892
  • The Government of India Act 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms)

    • Which of the following articles defines "state" in the Indian Constitution for the purpose of applying fundamental rights?

  • Article 1
  • Article 14
  • Article 13
  • Article 12 (correct)

    • Which article in the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to equality before the law and equal protection of the laws?

    <p>Article 14 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth?

    <p>Article 15 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, subject to the procedure established by law?

    <p>Article 21 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Indian Constitution?

    <p>A unicameral legislature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Acts introduced diarchy, a dual system of governance, in India?

    <p>The Government of India Act 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Government of India Act 1935 is TRUE?

    <p>It introduced a federal structure with lists of power at the federal and provincial levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article in the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability?

    <p>Article 17 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these Acts was instrumental in granting India and Pakistan independence?

    <p>The Indian Independence Act 1947 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following articles in the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion?

    <p>Article 25 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following articles in the Indian Constitution prohibits the state from acquiring private property for public purposes without providing compensation?

    <p>Article 31 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Indian Independence Act 1947 is TRUE?

    <p>It abolished the British monarch's role and the position of the Viceroy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the guidelines provided in Articles 36 to 51 of the Indian Constitution that aim to achieve social and economic justice?

    <p>Directive Principles of State Policy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these Acts is considered as an attempt to introduce provincial autonomy in India, dividing power into reserved and transferred lists?

    <p>The Government of India Act 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Article 48a of the Indian Constitution emphasize?

    <p>The state's responsibility to protect and improve the environment by providing safeguards for forests and wildlife (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article emphasizes the separation of the judiciary from the executive?

    <p>Article 50 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Article 110 of the Indian Constitution define?

    <p>Money bills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Article 41 of the Indian Constitution provide?

    <p>The right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article prescribes the oath taken by the President of India?

    <p>Article 60 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article empowers the President to promulgate ordinances during periods when the Parliament is not in session?

    <p>Article 123 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article advocates for the establishment of a uniform civil code for the entire nation?

    <p>Article 44 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article defines the composition of the Parliament?

    <p>Article 79 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Article 163 state?

    <p>The Council of Ministers of each state shall aid and advise the Governor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article provides for the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)?

    <p>Article 148 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article grants power to the High Courts to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and other legal matters?

    <p>Article 226 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article emphasizes the state's responsibility to promote the educational and economic interests of weaker sections of society?

    <p>Article 46 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article provides for the establishment of a Supreme Court of India?

    <p>Article 124 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article specifies the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha?

    <p>Article 83 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article provides for the office of the Vice President?

    <p>Article 63 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article describes the process for impeaching the President?

    <p>Article 61 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article outlines the fundamental duties of citizens?

    <p>Article 51 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which constitutional article deals with the establishment of a Finance Commission to address financial relations between the Union and the states?

    <p>Article 280 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following constitutional articles deals with the appointment of the Election Commission?

    <p>Article 243z (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amendment introduced the concepts of 'socialist', 'secular', and 'integrity' into the Preamble of the Indian Constitution?

    <p>42nd Amendment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes India's political system?

    <p>Quasi-Federal System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which constitutional amendment introduced the concept of urban local bodies, creating three tiers of governance?

    <p>74th Amendment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following constitutional articles protects the right to life and personal liberty?

    <p>Article 21 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of Directive Principles of State Policy?

    <p>Non-justiciable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which constitutional amendment abolished the right to property as a fundamental right?

    <p>44th Amendment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which constitutional article provides for grants-in-aid to states from the central government?

    <p>Article 275 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a fundamental duty enshrined in the Indian Constitution?

    <p>To provide free legal aid to all citizens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amendment introduced the 10 percent reservation for economically weaker sections (EWS) in educational institutions and government jobs?

    <p>103rd Amendment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article provides for the establishment of special provisions in relation to certain states?

    <p>Article 371 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the principle of 'Separation of Functions' as applied in the Indian Constitution?

    <p>A system of overlapping functions with checks and balances between branches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which constitutional article repealed the Government of India Act 1935 and India Independence Act 1947 upon the Constitution of India coming into effect?

    <p>Article 395 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of a legal mechanism empowering citizens to address public interest issues through legal action?

    <p>Public Interest Litigation (PIL) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following articles provides for the proclamation of President's rule in a state?

    <p>Article 356 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events significantly contributed to the East India Company's growing control in India?

    <p>The East India Company's acquisition of Diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary intention behind the Regulating Acts passed by the British government?

    <p>To enforce stricter accountability and control over the East India Company (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the East India Company's financial troubles?

    <p>The company's involvement in expensive wars and military expeditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a feature of the Regulating Act of 1773?

    <p>The introduction of a system of direct elections for the members of the legislative council (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary change did the Pit's India Act of 1784 bring to the East India Company's governance?

    <p>It separated the East India Company's administrative powers from its commercial activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Charter Act of 1833 was a significant turning point in British governance in India. What was its most notable impact?

    <p>It marked a shift from indirect to direct rule by the British government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acts introduced the first elements of representative government in India?

    <p>The Indian Councils Act of 1861 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of the Indian Councils Act of 1861?

    <p>To grant Indians a limited role in legislative councils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acts introduced the concept of communal electorates in India?

    <p>The Indian Councils Act 1909 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amendment to the Indian Constitution is often considered controversial due to its extensive changes and its implementation during the Emergency period?

    <p>The 42nd Amendment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose behind the establishment of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)?

    <p>To ensure more transparent and merit-based appointments for Supreme Court and High Court judges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)?

    <p>To audit the accounts of the Union and state governments to ensure financial accountability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Indian political system?

    <p>Unitary System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between the British government and the princely states during British rule in India?

    <p>Limited autonomy with British supremacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the "Doctrine of Basic Structure" in the Indian Constitution?

    <p>It outlines the essential features of the Constitution that cannot be altered by amendments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a fundamental right guaranteed by the Indian Constitution?

    <p>Right to Property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to the principle of dividing governmental powers among different branches of government?

    <p>Separation of Powers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Election Commission of India (ECI) in the Indian political system?

    <p>To conduct free and fair elections and ensure the integrity of the electoral process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the role of the Supreme Court in the Indian legal system?

    <p>To act as the final court of appeal and protect the Constitution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about the "Doctrine of Lapse" policy implemented during British rule in India?

    <p>It resulted in the annexation of states without natural heirs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution?

    <p>To provide guidelines for the government to achieve social and economic justice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha in the Indian Parliament?

    <p>To conduct the proceedings of the Lok Sabha and maintain order (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately reflects the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution?

    <p>Fundamental Duties are meant to complement and support Fundamental Rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the "Doctrine of Pleasure" in the context of Indian civil services?

    <p>It ensures that civil servants are accountable to the government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the system of dual governance where power was shared between elected ministers and appointed officials during the British Raj?

    <p>Dyarchy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately defines the role of the Governor in the Indian state government?

    <p>Appointed by the President, acting as the Constitutional head of the state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of NITI Aayog, replacing the Planning Commission?

    <p>Formulating and implementing the country's economic and social development plans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of collective responsibility in the context of the Westminster Model?

    <p>All members of the ruling party are accountable for the actions of the government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Government of India Act 1935 attempted to establish a federal structure in India. Which of the following was a key element of this attempt?

    <p>Establishment of an All-India Federation, uniting provinces and princely states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)?

    <p>Protecting and promoting human rights in India (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Doctrine of Pith and Substance in India's constitutional framework?

    <p>It defines the relationship between the Union and the state governments in terms of legislative powers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Anti-Defection Law in Indian politics?

    <p>To ensure that elected representatives remain loyal to their party and prevent them from changing allegiances for personal gain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of the Public Account Committee (PAC) in Indian politics?

    <p>To review the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) report and examine the government's financial transactions and expenditure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the Westminster Model of government?

    <p>A bicameral legislature, a prime ministerial system, and the principle of collective responsibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Doctrine of Ultra Vires in the Indian legal system?

    <p>It allows the judiciary to strike down laws that exceed the legal powers of the legislature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Election Symbols Reservation and Allotment Order 1968 in Indian elections?

    <p>To govern the process of assigning symbols to registered political parties and independent candidates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005?

    <p>To promote transparency and accountability in public authorities by providing citizens with the right to access information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between 'Diarchy' and 'Dyarchy'?

    <p>Diarchy is a system of dual governance while Dyarchy exclusively refers to the system established in the provinces under the Government of India Act 1919 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options is NOT a key feature of the Westminster Model?

    <p>A written constitution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    East India Company

    A British trading company that monopolized trade in India.

    Battle of Buxar

    A decisive battle in 1764 that established British control in India.

    Regulating Acts

    Laws passed to control the East India Company’s affairs.

    Regulating Act of 1773

    First act to regulate the East India Company, creating the Governor General’s office.

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    Governor General of Bengal

    The chief administrator of the British territories in Bengal.

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    Pitt's India Act of 1784

    Act that made East India Company territories British property.

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    Charter Act of 1833

    Transformed the East India Company into an administrative body.

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    Indian Councils Act of 1861

    Introduced indirect elections and allowed Indian participation in councils.

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    Communal Electorates

    Separate electoral systems for different religious communities introduced by the Indian Councils Act 1909.

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    42nd Amendment 1976

    A controversial amendment that aimed to strengthen executive power during the Emergency period, impacting fundamental rights.

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    The Role of CAG

    The Comptroller and Auditor General audits government accounts, ensuring financial accountability and transparency.

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    Election Commission of India (ECI)

    An independent body tasked with conducting free and fair elections in India to ensure electoral integrity.

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    Judicial Review

    The power of the judiciary to examine laws and actions for consistency with the Constitution.

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    The Emergency

    A period in India when fundamental rights were suspended, leading to significant constitutional changes.

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    National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)

    A proposed body to reform judicial appointments, struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015.

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    Doctrine of Basic Structure

    A principle stating that essential features of the Constitution can't be altered by amendments.

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    Fundamental Rights

    Rights guaranteed by the Constitution that are legally enforceable through judicial intervention.

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    Checks and Balances

    A system that prevents any one government branch from becoming too powerful.

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    Charter Act

    Laws regulating the affairs of the East India Company, passed by the British Parliament.

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    Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

    Legal mechanism enabling citizens to approach courts for issues affecting the public interest.

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    Separation of Powers

    A government system where power is divided among executive, legislative, and judiciary branches.

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    Federalism

    A system of government where power is shared between central and regional governments.

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    Indian Councils Act of 1909

    Strengthened legislative councils and introduced communal electorates for Muslims.

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    Mahatma Gandhi's Arrival

    Marked a turning point in India's independence movement, enhancing awareness and mobilization.

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    Government of India Act 1919

    Introduced diarchy and a bicameral legislature, but criticized for limited provincial autonomy.

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    Government of India Act 1935

    Aimed to create an All-India Federation and removed diarchy; failed due to princely state reluctance.

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    Indian Independence Act 1947

    Granted independence to India and Pakistan, abolishing British monopoly and Viceroy role.

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    Longest Constitution

    The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution globally.

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    Features of Indian Constitution

    Establishes federal structure, bicameral legislature, and safeguards fundamental rights.

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    Article 1

    Declares India as a union of states and territories.

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    Article 14

    Enshrines right to equality before the law.

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    Article 17

    Abolishes untouchability in India.

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    Article 21

    Protects right to life and personal liberty.

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    Article 32

    Provides the right to constitutional remedies through the Supreme Court.

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    Directive Principles

    Guidelines for the state to achieve social and economic justice.

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    Chairman of Rajya Sabha

    The presiding officer of the Rajya Sabha, who is also the Vice President of India.

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    Governor

    The Constitutional head of a state, appointed by the President of India.

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    Chief Minister

    The head of the Council of Ministers in a state government.

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    Westminster Model

    A parliamentary system adopted from the UK, featuring a bicameral legislature and a prime ministerial system.

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    Bicameral Legislature

    A two-house legislative system consisting of two chambers.

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    Diarchy

    A governance system sharing power between elected officials and appointed officials.

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    President's Rule

    Temporary suspension of state government by the President during a crisis.

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    National Emergency

    A state declared during war or internal disturbance, granting special powers to the Union government.

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    Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005

    A law allowing citizens access to information from public authorities.

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    Anti-Defection Law

    A law preventing elected representatives from changing political parties for personal gain.

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    Panchayati Raj Institutions

    A system of local self-government in rural areas comprising multiple panchayat levels.

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    All-India Services

    Civil services that provide officers for both Union and state governments.

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    The Planning Commission

    Former body that formulated India's development plans, replaced by NITI Aayog.

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    The Finance Commission

    A body appointed by the President to recommend tax distribution between Union and states.

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    42nd Amendment

    Introduces 'socialist', 'secular', and 'integrity' into the Preamble.

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    73rd Amendment

    Establishes Panchayati Raj with three tiers in rural governance.

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    Fundamental Duties

    Non-justiciable responsibilities of citizens towards the nation.

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    44th Amendment

    Abolished the right to property as a fundamental right.

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    Study Notes

    Historical Background of Indian Polity

    • The East India Company, initially operating as traders, arrived in India in the early 17th century, receiving a unique trade charter from the British monarchy.
    • This charter granted the East India Company a monopoly over trade in India.
    • The company's control expanded through events like the Battle of Buxar in 1764, leading to the acquisition of Diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, granting them control over regional revenues.
    • Internal corruption and mismanagement within the East India Company resulted in significant debt, estimated at approximately 1 million pounds.
    • To address issues with the East India Company, the British government introduced Regulating Acts (also known as Charter Acts) to oversee and regulate company affairs.
    • These acts were periodically revisited, with terms and conditions of the company's charter reconsidered every 20 years.
    • The first Regulating Act was established in 1773, and the last was enacted in 1853.

    Significant Features of the Regulating Acts

    • The 1773 Regulating Act served as the first step towards regulating the East India Company. This act centralized power by establishing the Court of Directors and empowering the Governor of Bengal, subsequently titled Governor-General of Bengal.
    • The Governor-General was advised by a four-member executive council, known as the Governor-General in Council.
    • The Act also established the Supreme Court at Fort William in Calcutta, initially comprising four judges.
    • Challenges in implementation included a lack of cooperation from the East India Company and the Supreme Court's limited authority over company officials.

    The Pit's India Act of 1784

    • This act formally declared all East India Company territories as belonging to the British government.
    • It separated the East India Company's powers by establishing the Board of Control and the Court of Directors, thereby reducing company authority over administrative decisions.

    The Charter Act of 1833

    • The East India Company was transformed into a purely administrative body, holding its territories in trust for the British government.
    • This act constituted a significant step toward centralized British governance in India.
    • The Governor-General of Bengal was designated as the Governor-General of India.

    The Indian Councils Act of 1861

    • This act introduced the concept of indirect elections and allowed for the inclusion of Indians as non-official members within legislative councils.
    • This marked the initial phase of decentralization and empowered the Governor-General to enact legislation through ordinances.

    The Indian Councils Act of 1892

    • This act facilitated further expansion of legislative councils, granting Indians increased participation in budget deliberations to contribute directly to legislative discussions.
    • It marked a notable step towards the development of strengthened legislative councils.

    The Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms)

    • This act strengthened central and provincial legislative councils, but also introduced communal electorates, creating separate systems for Muslim representation.
    • Criticized for potentially contributing to British "divide and rule" policies.

    The Arrival of Mahatma Gandhi

    • Mahatma Gandhi's leadership within the Indian independence movement was a pivotal turning point in India's struggle for freedom.
    • Gandhi's effective use of communication and strategies significantly raised public awareness and mobilized the Indian people towards independence.
    • Gandhi's leadership provided a path for transforming India from a colony to an independent nation.

    The Government of India Act 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms)

    • This act aimed to introduce provincial autonomy, dividing governmental power into reserved and transferred lists, based on the extent of ministerial control over the Governor-General.
    • The act introduced diarchy, a dual system of governance, and established a bicameral legislature.
    • Criticism of the act centered on the incomplete implementation of provincial autonomy and the introduction of diarchy.

    The Government of India Act 1935

    • This act sought to create an All-India Federation, uniting provinces and princely states.
    • It introduced a federal structure, assigning power lists to both federal and provincial levels and removing diarchy in favor of a system grounded in dyarchy.
    • The act ultimately faced failure due to reservations from princely states to join the proposed federation.

    The Indian Independence Act 1947

    • The British Parliament enacted this act in July 1947, formally granting India and Pakistan independence.
    • This act established India and Pakistan as independent dominions and abolished the role of the British monarch and the Viceroy.
    • The act facilitated the process of princely states joining either India or Pakistan.
    • It facilitated the establishment of a constituent assembly tasked with drafting India's Constitution.

    The Constitution of India: Key Features

    • The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution globally.
    • It is fundamentally based on the Government of India Act 1935, incorporating elements from other constitutions, including those of the United States, Ireland, and Canada.
    • It establishes a federal structure with a unitary influence, indicative of a blend of federal and unitary principles.
    • It features a bicameral legislature alongside a robust central government and a Supreme Court acting as the apex judicial body.
    • The Constitution encompasses fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy, and fundamental duties.

    Key Articles & Concepts (unchanged)

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    ### Explanation of Key Articles (unchanged)

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    ### Significant Constitutional Amendments (unchanged)

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    ### Important Facts & Insights (unchanged)

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    Summary - Impact of the Government of India Act 1935 (unchanged)

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    Why was the Government of India Act 1935 a Major Turning Point? (unchanged)

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    Description

    This quiz explores the significant historical events that shaped Indian polity during the time of the East India Company. It covers the company's early trade monopoly, key battles, and the impact of the Regulating Acts. Understand the political landscape of India leading up to British rule.

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