Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

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Which islands had railroads developed on them?

  • Mindanao, Luzon, and Bohol
  • Cebu, Negros, and Palawan
  • Mindanao, Leyte, and Samar
  • Luzon, Cebu, and Panay (correct)

What was mentioned as the largest port in Asia?

  • Pier 8 in Manila
  • Pier 5 in Cebu
  • Pier 7 in Manila (correct)
  • Pier 6 in Manila

What impact did the development of railroads have in the Philippines?

  • Opened up more ports and shipping (correct)
  • Increased tourism primarily in Palawan
  • Decreased trade routes significantly
  • Limited the expansion of shipping infrastructure

Which element was not part of the transportation development in the content provided?

<p>Airports developed in Cebu (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these locations is directly associated with significant shipping development?

<p>Pier 7 in Manila (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is noted for employing advanced agricultural techniques that significantly shaped their society?

<p>Meso-American civilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major outcome of the intellectual revolutions in Asian civilizations?

<p>Enhancement of trade routes and commerce (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following challenges faced the Philippine science education system?

<p>Insufficient funding for technological resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The influence of African civilizations on society was largely defined by which of the following?

<p>Innovative trade systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Middle Eastern civilizations transformed their society substantially during intellectual revolutions?

<p>Advancement in philosophical studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method used for spinning before the invention of the spinning wheel?

<p>Hand spinning with a distaff (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the earlier method of hand spinning, what was the purpose of the distaff?

<p>To hold the mass of wool for spinning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of actions in hand spinning?

<p>Drawing fibers, twisting to form a strand, winding on a stick (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main product created through the process of hand spinning?

<p>Continuous strands of yarn (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the spinning wheel play in comparison to hand spinning methods?

<p>It simplifies the twisting and winding process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current position of social media in a company's business strategy?

<p>It has become a critical element of the business strategy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has social media influenced recruitment practices in companies?

<p>It has reduced the need for job fairs and traditional recruitment methods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of social media in modern business?

<p>It is an essential tool for both strategy and recruitment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a misconception about social media’s role in a company's strategy?

<p>It has no impact on employee recruitment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has led to the shift of social media from optional to essential in business?

<p>Higher consumer engagement expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

<p>Complete elimination of pests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common ethical concern associated with gene therapy?

<p>The risk of unintended effects on the human genome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gene therapy directly alters the genes of an individual to combat disease?

<p>Somatic gene therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential future impact of GMOs could raise concerns among consumers?

<p>Loss of biodiversity in ecosystems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of gene therapy might be used to prevent hereditary conditions from being passed on to offspring?

<p>Germline gene therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue with dismissing criticism as 'political correctness'?

<p>It prevents open dialogue and understanding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the dismissal of criticism impact the marketplace of ideas?

<p>It leads to increased polarization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Chait express concern about in relation to ideas?

<p>The survival and health of the marketplace of ideas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying belief may lead someone to reject criticism as mere political correctness?

<p>A desire to maintain the status quo. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is primarily threatened by the rejection of criticism in discussions?

<p>The openness of the intellectual environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Spinning wheel

A tool that replaced hand-spinning for making thread.

Hand-spinning

The older method of making thread by pulling and twisting fibers.

Distaf

A stick used to hold wool fibers.

Fibers

Individual strands of materials like wool.

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Thread

A continuous strand of twisted fibers.

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Railroads in Luzon, Cebu, and Panay

Railroad systems were built in these Philippine islands.

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Increased ports and shipping

More ports opened for trade and cargo.

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Pier 7 in Manila

The biggest port in Asia.

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Philippine Islands

Luzon, Cebu, and Panay are part of the Philippines.

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Asian trade

Business and exchange of goods across countries of Asia

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Social Media's Shift

Social media has transitioned from a desirable feature to an essential part of a company's strategy.

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Social Media in Business

Social media is now a crucial aspect of a company's operations.

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Social Media for Recruitment

Businesses use social media platforms to find and attract talent.

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Social Media's New Role

Social media has fundamentally altered how companies recruit employees.

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Social Media Recruitment Impact

Social media has become a major factor in how companies recruit employees.

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Meso-American civilizations

Advanced societies in Mesoamerica, known for their advancements in agriculture, astronomy, and mathematics.

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Asian civilizations

Diverse societies in Asia with significant contributions to philosophy, mathematics, and technology.

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Middle Eastern civilizations

Societies in the Middle East known for their contributions to mathematics, medicine, and philosophy.

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African civilizations

Numerous complex societies in Africa with independent advancements in agriculture, mathematics, and art.

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Intellectual revolutions

Transformative periods in human history driven by scientific, technological, and philosophical discoveries.

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Marketplace of ideas

A concept where diverse viewpoints and opinions can freely interact and compete. It's essential for intellectual progress and societal growth.

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Dismissing criticism

Ignoring or rejecting criticism without giving it proper consideration.

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Political correctness

Avoiding language or behavior that might offend or marginalize certain groups.

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Protecting a marketplace

Ensuring that all viewpoints have a fair chance to be heard and debated.

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Discomfort with criticism

Feeling uncomfortable or threatened when someone disagrees with your views.

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Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

An organism whose genetic makeup has been altered through biotechnology, often to enhance traits like disease resistance or crop yield.

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GMO Ethics

The moral considerations surrounding the creation and use of genetically modified organisms, including potential risks and benefits to human health, biodiversity, and the environment.

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Gene Therapy

The use of genes to treat or prevent disease, often by replacing, adding, or altering genes within a patient's cells.

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Somatic Gene Therapy

A type of gene therapy that targets non-reproductive cells, aiming to treat specific diseases in the individual recipient without affecting future generations.

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Germline Gene Therapy

A type of gene therapy that modifies reproductive cells (sperm or egg), potentially passing the genetic changes to future generations.

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Study Notes

Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

  • Science is the careful study of the structure and behavior of the physical world
  • Scientists (Natural Philosophers) formulate testable explanations and predictions based on observations
  • Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
  • An antecedent is a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another

Ancient Times

  • Mesopotamians:
    • Wheel (3500 BC) initially for pottery, not transportation
    • Chariot
    • Cuneiform writing for record-keeping
  • Egyptians:
    • Papyrus sheets (earliest paper-like material)
    • Ox-drawn plough
    • Ink (black ink for hieroglyphs)
    • Sun clock (sundial, 3500 BC)
    • Mummification to preserve bodies for the afterlife

Ancient Chinese

  • Paper (around 100 BC)
  • Gunpowder (Tang dynasty, 9th century)
  • Compass
  • Mechanical clock (725)

Greek Natural Philosophers

  • Thales of Miletus:
    • Geometer, military engineer, astronomer, and logician
    • Discovered solstice and equinox, predicted a solar eclipse
  • Anaximander of Miletus:
    • Inventor of the sundial
    • Created a map of the known world
  • Aristotle:
    • Believed the Earth was a sphere
    • Classified animals, father of zoology
  • Ptolemy:
    • Developed geocentric astronomy
  • Hero of Alexandria:
    • Invented the Aeolipile (earliest steam engine)

Middle Ages

  • Printing press:
    • Johannes Gutenberg (15th century)
    • Revolutionized book production
  • Eyeglasses:
    • Invented in Western Europe (late 13th century)
  • Water and windmills:
    • Popularized in the Early Middle Ages
    • Utilized natural forces (rivers, wind)

The Black Death

  • Massive disruption to medieval society
  • Significant loss of life across Europe

Renaissance

  • Led to a "rebirth" in technology
  • Leonardo daVinci:
    • Inventions related to siege defenses, war, and flight

Scientific Revolution

  • Pendulum clock:
    • John Harrison
  • Theory of Light:
    • Isaac Newton
  • Modern Mechanics and Law of the Universe:
    • Isaac Newton
  • Moveable type Latin Bible:
    • Johannes Gutenberg

The Industrial Revolution

  • Transformation from rural to industrialized societies
  • Inventions like the:
    • Telephone
    • Sewing machine
    • X-ray
    • Lightbulb
    • Combustible engine
  • Thomas Newcomen:
    • Invented the first steam engine
  • James Hargreaves:
    • Invented the spinning jenny (faster cloth production)
  • Eli Whitney:
    • Invented the cotton gin
  • Samuel Morse:
    • Invented the telegraph
  • Sewing machine:
    • Elias Howe

Modern Era

  • Robert Goddard:
    • Liquid-fueled rocket (1929)
  • Werner von Braun:
    • Development of rockets
  • Albert Einstein:
    • Theories of relativity
  • Manhattan Project:
    • Development of the atomic bomb
  • Oppenheimer, Fermi, Berthe, Tellor:
    • Involved in the Manhattan Project
  • Computer pioneers:
    • Charles Babbage
    • Herman Hollerith
    • Thomas Watson
    • Alan Turing
    • John von Neumann
    • J. Presper Eckert
    • John Mauchly
    • Jack Kilby
    • Jobs and Wozniak
    • Bill Gates
    • Paul Allen
    • Thomas A. Edison

Information Age

  • Gutenberg:
    • Printing press in the mid-1400s
  • Shannon:
    • Information theory (1970)

Technology as a Way of Revealing

  • Instrumental view: Technology as a means to an end
  • Anthropological view: Technology as a type of human action
  • Essence of technology: Bringing something forth from concealment

Nanotechnology

  • Deals with manipulation and study of matter at the nanoscale.

Gene Therapy

  • Experimental technique using genes to treat or prevent disease.

Environmental Issues

  • Climate Change:
    • Causes, impacts, and solutions
  • Biodiversity Loss:
    • Consequences and remedies
  • Water Pollution:
    • Effects, sources, and protections
  • Solid Waste:
    • Management and disposal methods

Social Media

  • Has enhanced communication and changed business recruitment
  • Raises concerns about political correctness
  • Increased access to information, but also potential downsides.

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