História de Portugal

Pre-History and Roman Era

• Human presence in Portugal dates back to the Paleolithic Era (40,000-10,000 BCE)
• Neolithic Era (10,000-2,000 BCE): introduction of agriculture and settlements
• Roman occupation (2nd century BCE - 5th century CE): province of Lusitania, established by Emperor Augustus
• Roman influence on language, architecture, and culture

Middle Ages

• Suevi and Visigoths (5th-8th century): Germanic tribes invade and settle in Portugal
• Moors (8th-11th century): Muslim occupation, introduction of Islamic culture and architecture
• County of Portugal (9th century): established by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of León
• Kingdom of Portugal (1139): established by Afonso Henriques, first King of Portugal

Age of Discoveries and Empire (15th-16th century)

• Henry the Navigator (1394-1460): promoted maritime exploration and colonization
• Discovery of the sea route to India (1498): Vasco da Gama
• Colonization of Brazil (1500): Pedro Álvares Cabral
• Portuguese Empire: established in Africa, Asia, and South America

Spanish Rule and Restoration (1580-1640)

• Iberian Union (1580-1640): Portugal under Spanish rule
• Portuguese Restoration War (1640-1668): independence from Spain
• Treaty of Lisbon (1668): recognition of Portuguese independence

Enlightenment and Liberalism (18th-19th century)

• Marquis of Pombal (1699-1782): prime minister, introduced Enlightenment policies
• Liberal Revolution (1820): establishment of a constitutional monarchy
• Constitutional Monarchy (1822-1910): alternation of liberal and absolutist periods

Republic and Modern Era (20th century)

• 5 October 1910 Revolution: establishment of the First Republic
• New State (1933-1974): authoritarian regime under António de Oliveira Salazar
• Carnation Revolution (1974): democratic transition, end of colonial wars
• European Union membership (1986): integration into the European community