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Questions and Answers
What is a common characteristic of chronic inflammation?
What is a common characteristic of chronic inflammation?
What can trigger chronic inflammation?
What can trigger chronic inflammation?
What is the primary function of the epithelial barriers in the context of inflammation?
What is the primary function of the epithelial barriers in the context of inflammation?
What is a type of cell that infiltrates during chronic inflammation?
What is a type of cell that infiltrates during chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of acute inflammation?
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What is a possible outcome of chronic inflammation?
What is a possible outcome of chronic inflammation?
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What is the role of C3a and C3b in the context of inflammation?
What is the role of C3a and C3b in the context of inflammation?
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What is a characteristic of chronic inflammation in terms of duration?
What is a characteristic of chronic inflammation in terms of duration?
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Which type of immune response is characterized by the presence of B lymphocytes and antibodies?
Which type of immune response is characterized by the presence of B lymphocytes and antibodies?
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What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
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What is a histological feature of chronic inflammation?
What is a histological feature of chronic inflammation?
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What is the role of NK cells in the context of inflammation?
What is the role of NK cells in the context of inflammation?
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What is the primary composition of pus?
What is the primary composition of pus?
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What is the term for the movement of cells into an acute inflammatory lesion?
What is the term for the movement of cells into an acute inflammatory lesion?
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What is the purpose of P-selectin release on endothelial surface?
What is the purpose of P-selectin release on endothelial surface?
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What is the primary function of chemokines in the inflammatory process?
What is the primary function of chemokines in the inflammatory process?
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What is the term for the unidirectional migration of cells towards a chemokine?
What is the term for the unidirectional migration of cells towards a chemokine?
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What is the result of the interaction between integrin molecules on leukocytes and endothelial adhesion molecules?
What is the result of the interaction between integrin molecules on leukocytes and endothelial adhesion molecules?
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What type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of a fibrinous exudate?
What type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of a fibrinous exudate?
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What happens after acute inflammation?
What happens after acute inflammation?
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What is the primary reason why tissues like the cornea do not become inflamed?
What is the primary reason why tissues like the cornea do not become inflamed?
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What is the result of fibroblastic or glial tissue replacing damaged tissue?
What is the result of fibroblastic or glial tissue replacing damaged tissue?
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What is the primary mechanism underlying acute inflammation?
What is the primary mechanism underlying acute inflammation?
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What is the term for the slowing of the circulation due to increased permeability of the microvasculature?
What is the term for the slowing of the circulation due to increased permeability of the microvasculature?
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What is the characteristic of an exudate?
What is the characteristic of an exudate?
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What is the term for the replacement of injured tissue by regeneration or scar tissue?
What is the term for the replacement of injured tissue by regeneration or scar tissue?
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What is the outcome of inflammation and repair in some cases?
What is the outcome of inflammation and repair in some cases?
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What is the term for the four cardinal signs of inflammation described by Cornelius Celsus?
What is the term for the four cardinal signs of inflammation described by Cornelius Celsus?
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What is the primary characteristic of a non-caseating epithelioid granuloma?
What is the primary characteristic of a non-caseating epithelioid granuloma?
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What is the role of fibroblasts in the development of granulomas?
What is the role of fibroblasts in the development of granulomas?
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What is the distinguishing feature of a caseating epithelioid granuloma?
What is the distinguishing feature of a caseating epithelioid granuloma?
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What is the purpose of bi-refringence in polarised light in the context of granulomas?
What is the purpose of bi-refringence in polarised light in the context of granulomas?
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What is the characteristic of chronic granulomatous inflammation?
What is the characteristic of chronic granulomatous inflammation?
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What is the term for a type of granuloma that forms in response to the presence of foreign material?
What is the term for a type of granuloma that forms in response to the presence of foreign material?
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Study Notes
Histopathology of Inflammation
- Inflammation is the reaction of vascularized living tissue to local injury, characterized by the accumulation of fluid and cells.
- Tissues that are not vascularized, such as the cornea, do not become inflamed according to classical definitions.
Inflammation and Repair
- Inflammation and repair can restore tissue to health, but can also contribute to tissue diseases such as fibrous scarring, rheumatoid arthritis, and renal inflammation.
- Inflammation and repair can meet a challenge and restore tissue to health, but can also contribute to tissue diseases.
Acute Inflammation
- The four cardinal signs of inflammation are: RUBOR (redness), TUMOUR (swelling), CALOR (heat), and DOLOR (pain).
- Acute inflammation is mediated by the innate immune system and has a relatively rapid onset, short duration, stereotyped response, and rapid resolution.
- Vascular changes occur, including transient vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and increased blood flow.
- Slowing of the circulation due to increased permeability of the microvasculature leads to "stasis".
- Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (oedema) occurs.
Acute Serous Inflammation
- Sometimes, accumulation of fluid is the dominant feature of inflammation, as observed in a friction blister or a burn.
- Acute inflammation may be accompanied by exudate, an inflammatory extravascular fluid with a high protein concentration, much cellular debris, and a specific gravity above 1020.
- Pus is a purulent exudate rich in leucocytes (mostly neutrophils) and parenchymal cell debris.
Movement of Cells into an Acute Inflammatory Lesion
- Blood cells normally move rapidly through the center of blood vessels.
- Release of P-selectin to the endothelial surface causes neutrophils to slow down and interact with carbohydrate receptors.
- Neutrophils roll along the endothelium, and then undergo chemotaxis in response to stimuli such as LPS.
- Chemotaxis is the unidirectional migration of cells towards a chemokine gradient.
Outcome of Acute Inflammation
- Resolution occurs when the inflammatory response is successful in removing the offending agent.
- Abscess formation can occur when the inflammatory response is unable to remove the offending agent.
- Chronic inflammation can occur when the inflammatory response is prolonged or persistent.
- Healing, scarring, or regeneration can occur depending on the type of injury.
Chronic Inflammation
- Chronic inflammation has a relatively long duration and is associated with the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages.
- Proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue occurs.
- The course and histological appearance of chronic inflammation can be modified by many factors.
Histology of Chronic Inflammation
- Infiltration by mononuclear cells, including macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
- Proliferation of fibroblasts and small blood vessels, leading to increased connective tissue and fibrosis.
Chronic Granulomatous Inflammation
- Characterized by the presence of epithelioid granulomas, which are composed of macrophages and lymphocytes.
- Can be non-caseating (non-infectious) or caseating (infectious).
- Foreign body granulomas can occur in response to non-degradable substances.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- Characterized by granulomatous inflammation, which is a type of chronic inflammation.
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Description
Understand the process of inflammation, its effects on tissue, and its role in repair and disease.
