34 Questions
What is a common characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Associated with the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages
What can trigger chronic inflammation?
Autoimmune diseases
What is the primary function of the epithelial barriers in the context of inflammation?
To recognize and respond to microbe presence
What is a type of cell that infiltrates during chronic inflammation?
Macrophages
Which of the following is a characteristic of acute inflammation?
Accumulation of fluid and cells
What is a possible outcome of chronic inflammation?
Healing with scar formation
What is the role of C3a and C3b in the context of inflammation?
Activation of the complement system
What is a characteristic of chronic inflammation in terms of duration?
Relatively long duration
Which type of immune response is characterized by the presence of B lymphocytes and antibodies?
Adaptive immunity
What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Duration of the inflammatory response
What is a histological feature of chronic inflammation?
Infiltration by mononuclear cells
What is the role of NK cells in the context of inflammation?
Cytotoxic activity against infected cells
What is the primary composition of pus?
Rich in leucocytes and parenchymal cell debris
What is the term for the movement of cells into an acute inflammatory lesion?
Migration
What is the purpose of P-selectin release on endothelial surface?
To slow down neutrophils and initiate rolling
What is the primary function of chemokines in the inflammatory process?
To attract neutrophils along a concentration gradient
What is the term for the unidirectional migration of cells towards a chemokine?
Chemotaxis
What is the result of the interaction between integrin molecules on leukocytes and endothelial adhesion molecules?
Firmer connection to permit diapedesis and extravasation
What type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of a fibrinous exudate?
Acute fibrinous inflammation
What happens after acute inflammation?
Tissue repair
What is the primary reason why tissues like the cornea do not become inflamed?
They lack a vascular system
What is the result of fibroblastic or glial tissue replacing damaged tissue?
Formation of a scar tissue
What is the primary mechanism underlying acute inflammation?
Innate immune response
What is the term for the slowing of the circulation due to increased permeability of the microvasculature?
Stasis
What is the characteristic of an exudate?
High protein content and a specific gravity above 1020
What is the term for the replacement of injured tissue by regeneration or scar tissue?
Repair
What is the outcome of inflammation and repair in some cases?
All of the above
What is the term for the four cardinal signs of inflammation described by Cornelius Celsus?
RUBOR, TUMOUR, CALOR, DOLOR
What is the primary characteristic of a non-caseating epithelioid granuloma?
The presence of blood-derived lymphocytes and macrophages
What is the role of fibroblasts in the development of granulomas?
To produce collagen and increase connective tissue
What is the distinguishing feature of a caseating epithelioid granuloma?
The presence of necrosis
What is the purpose of bi-refringence in polarised light in the context of granulomas?
To visualize the presence of foreign material
What is the characteristic of chronic granulomatous inflammation?
The presence of blood-derived lymphocytes and macrophages
What is the term for a type of granuloma that forms in response to the presence of foreign material?
Foreign body granuloma
Study Notes
Histopathology of Inflammation
- Inflammation is the reaction of vascularized living tissue to local injury, characterized by the accumulation of fluid and cells.
- Tissues that are not vascularized, such as the cornea, do not become inflamed according to classical definitions.
Inflammation and Repair
- Inflammation and repair can restore tissue to health, but can also contribute to tissue diseases such as fibrous scarring, rheumatoid arthritis, and renal inflammation.
- Inflammation and repair can meet a challenge and restore tissue to health, but can also contribute to tissue diseases.
Acute Inflammation
- The four cardinal signs of inflammation are: RUBOR (redness), TUMOUR (swelling), CALOR (heat), and DOLOR (pain).
- Acute inflammation is mediated by the innate immune system and has a relatively rapid onset, short duration, stereotyped response, and rapid resolution.
- Vascular changes occur, including transient vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and increased blood flow.
- Slowing of the circulation due to increased permeability of the microvasculature leads to "stasis".
- Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (oedema) occurs.
Acute Serous Inflammation
- Sometimes, accumulation of fluid is the dominant feature of inflammation, as observed in a friction blister or a burn.
- Acute inflammation may be accompanied by exudate, an inflammatory extravascular fluid with a high protein concentration, much cellular debris, and a specific gravity above 1020.
- Pus is a purulent exudate rich in leucocytes (mostly neutrophils) and parenchymal cell debris.
Movement of Cells into an Acute Inflammatory Lesion
- Blood cells normally move rapidly through the center of blood vessels.
- Release of P-selectin to the endothelial surface causes neutrophils to slow down and interact with carbohydrate receptors.
- Neutrophils roll along the endothelium, and then undergo chemotaxis in response to stimuli such as LPS.
- Chemotaxis is the unidirectional migration of cells towards a chemokine gradient.
Outcome of Acute Inflammation
- Resolution occurs when the inflammatory response is successful in removing the offending agent.
- Abscess formation can occur when the inflammatory response is unable to remove the offending agent.
- Chronic inflammation can occur when the inflammatory response is prolonged or persistent.
- Healing, scarring, or regeneration can occur depending on the type of injury.
Chronic Inflammation
- Chronic inflammation has a relatively long duration and is associated with the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages.
- Proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue occurs.
- The course and histological appearance of chronic inflammation can be modified by many factors.
Histology of Chronic Inflammation
- Infiltration by mononuclear cells, including macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
- Proliferation of fibroblasts and small blood vessels, leading to increased connective tissue and fibrosis.
Chronic Granulomatous Inflammation
- Characterized by the presence of epithelioid granulomas, which are composed of macrophages and lymphocytes.
- Can be non-caseating (non-infectious) or caseating (infectious).
- Foreign body granulomas can occur in response to non-degradable substances.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- Characterized by granulomatous inflammation, which is a type of chronic inflammation.
Understand the process of inflammation, its effects on tissue, and its role in repair and disease.
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