Histopathology of Inflammation and Immunology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method of repair for tissues that can regenerate?

Development of granulomas

Formation of fibrous tissue

Division of parenchyma (correct)

Infiltration of inflammatory cells

Which of the following is NOT one of the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

Erythema

Heat

Swelling

Necrosis (correct)

In acute inflammation, which change occurs first in the blood vessels?

Stasis of blood flow

Increased permeability

Vasodilatation

Transient vasoconstriction (correct)

What type of inflammation is characterized primarily by fluid accumulation?

Acute serous inflammation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about exudate is true?

It contains cellular debris and high protein concentration. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is notably involved in the rapid resolution of acute inflammation?

Vascular changes including vasoconstriction (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of persistent inflammation following surgery?

Formation of fibrous tissue (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with autoimmune inflammation?

Rheumatoid arthritis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that defines inflammation?

It is a reaction of vascularized living tissue to local injury. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily involved in the innate immune response during acute inflammation?

Phagocytes (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the immunology roadmap, which immune response is characterized by the presence of specific antibodies?

Chronic inflammation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT typically associated with acute inflammation?

Chronic cell infiltration (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of the complement system in inflammation?

It enhances the inflammatory response by promoting vasodilation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental difference between innate and adaptive immunity as it relates to inflammation?

Innate immunity is non-specific, while adaptive immunity targets specific pathogens. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?

Dominance of lymphocytes and macrophages (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can lead to chronic inflammation?

Persistent exposure to a non-degradable substance (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a histological hallmark of chronic inflammation?

Proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of chronic inflammation?

A single, severe bacterial infection (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is NOT typically found in significant numbers in chronic inflammation?

Neutrophils (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of chronic inflammation?

Healing with scar formation or regeneration (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of P-selectin in the context of inflammation?

P-selectin facilitates the initial attachment of neutrophils to the endothelium by interacting with carbohydrate receptors on the neutrophil. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key inducer of chemotaxis for neutrophils?

Histamine, a potent vasodilator released from mast cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of integrin molecules in the inflammatory process?

Integrins facilitate the firm adhesion of neutrophils to the endothelium, enabling diapedesis. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of events in the process of neutrophil migration during acute inflammation?

Rolling, margination, adhesion, chemotaxis, extravasation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between extravasation and diapedesis?

Extravasation refers to the movement of cells into tissues, while diapedesis refers to the movement across the endothelium. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of purulent exudate?

Typically clear and watery in appearance (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of leukotriene B4 in the inflammatory response?

Leukotriene B4 is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, drawing them towards the site of injury. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most likely to follow acute inflammation?

Chronic inflammation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes caseating granulomas from non-caseating granulomas?

The presence of necrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of chronic granulomatous inflammation?

Presence of neutrophils (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of macrophages in the formation of granulomas?

Attracting other immune cells to the site of inflammation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bi-refringence in polarized light in the context of foreign body granulomas?

It helps identify the specific type of foreign material present (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between early and late granulomas?

The presence of necrosis in late granulomas and its absence in early granulomas (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of fibroblasts in the context of granulomatous inflammation?

Producing collagen to form a fibrous capsule around the granuloma (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation - Definitions

Inflammation is the reaction of vascularized living tissue to local injury.
The reaction of blood vessels to local injury leads to the accumulation of fluid and cells that characterize inflammation.
Tissues that are not vascularized, such as the cornea, do not become inflamed according to classical definitions.

Repair

Repair is the replacement of injured tissue either by regeneration if the damaged parenchyma can divide and be replaced, or by fibroblastic or glial "scar" tissue.
Inflammation and repair can meet a challenge and restore tissue to health, but they can also contribute to many tissue diseases.

Acute Inflammation

Acute inflammation is mediated by the innate immune system and has a relatively rapid onset, short duration, and rapid resolution.
The four cardinal signs of inflammation are: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain).
Vascular changes occur, including transient vasoconstriction of arterioles, vasodilatation, and increased blood flow.
Slowing of the circulation occurs due to increased permeability of the microvasculature, leading to exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (oedema).

Acute Serous Inflammation

Sometimes, accumulation of fluid is the dominant feature of inflammation, as observed in a friction blister or a burn.
Acute inflammation may be accompanied by exudate (an inflammatory extravascular fluid with high protein concentration and cellular debris) or pus (a purulent exudate rich in leucocytes and parenchymal cell debris).

Movement of Cells into an Acute Inflammatory Lesion

Blood cells normally move rapidly through the center of blood vessels.
Release of P-selectin and E-selectin on the endothelium causes neutrophils to slow down and roll along the endothelium.
Neutrophil rolling, margination, and chemotaxis occur in response to stimuli such as LPS and IL-8, leading to extravasation and movement of cells into tissues.

Chronic Inflammation

Chronic inflammation has a relatively long duration and is associated with the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages.
Chronic inflammation may follow acute inflammation or begin as a low-grade smoldering response to persistent infections, prolonged exposure to non-degradable substances, or autoimmune diseases.
Histological features of chronic inflammation include infiltration by mononuclear cells, proliferation of fibroblasts and small blood vessels, and increased connective tissue and fibrosis.

Chronic Granulomatous Inflammation

Chronic granulomatous inflammation involves the formation of granulomas, which are composed of macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts.
There are two types of granulomas: non-caseating (non-infectious) and caseating (infectious) epithelioid granulomas.
Foreign body granulomas can occur in response to large foreign materials, and giant cells can phagocytose these materials.

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Description

This quiz covers the histopathology of inflammation, including innate and adaptive immunity, and the role of different cells and molecules in the immune response.