Histology Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary feature of epithelial tissue?

Cells close together with minimal matrix (correct)

Wide gaps between cells

Highly vascularized with blood vessels

Absence of cell junctions

Which type of muscle tissue is characterized as striated?

Skeletal muscle (correct)

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Epithelial muscle

What is one of the primary functions of lining epithelial tissue?

Conducting electrical impulses

Secreting hormones into the bloodstream

Regulating passage of materials in and out of the body (correct)

Creating the structural framework of organs

How are epithelial tissues classified?

By thickness and shape of cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is characterized by a rich extracellular matrix?

Loose connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of exocrine glands?

Discharge products via ducts Signup and view all the answers

Which type of secretion involves the entire cell rupturing?

Holocrine secretion Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does stratified epithelium primarily provide?

Physical protection Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is classified as simple and squamous?

Endothelial epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What defines merocrine secretion?

Exocytosis of products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of surface epithelium?

Highly vascularized Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exocrine gland is characterized by a branched structure?

Compound acinar Signup and view all the answers

How is apocrine secretion differentiated from other types of secretion?

It utilizes membrane-bound vesicles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue serves as a lining or barrier for secretory cells?

Epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic structural and functional unit of the body?

Cell Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is characterized as striated and under voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue provides support and elasticity to various body structures?

Loose connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of cells is involved in the conduction of signals in the nervous system?

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is responsible for the connections between bones and muscles?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system includes the heart and blood vessels?

Circulatory system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue lines the blood and lymphatic vessels?

Endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of simple squamous epithelium?

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is primarily responsible for the secretion of saliva?

Stratified cuboidal Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium features microvilli to enhance absorption?

Simple columnar Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of stratified squamous epithelium?

Multiple layers with potential keratinization Signup and view all the answers

Where would you typically find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Airways such as the trachea Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of transitional epithelium?

Facilitating distention Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium?

Thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells form the inner lining of the gall bladder?

Simple columnar Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium?

Secrete mucus and trap particles Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes transitional epithelium?

It has many layers of irregularly rounded cells Signup and view all the answers

What role do cilia play in epithelial tissues?

Increase particle movement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of junction is virtually impermeable to fluid?

Tight junction Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of microvilli in epithelial cells?

Enhancing surface area for absorption Signup and view all the answers

How does the basement membrane function in epithelial tissues?

Connects epithelial cells to connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What process is responsible for proliferation in epithelia?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of keratin in epithelial tissues?

To provide protection Signup and view all the answers

What cellular change is characterized by an increase in the number of cells?

Hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumor originates from glandular epithelial tissue?

Adenocarcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when cells undergo programmed death?

Apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

In the context of tumors, what does 'neoplasm' refer to?

An abnormal growth of tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell change replaces one differentiated cell type with another?

Metaplasia Signup and view all the answers

What defines a malignant tumor when compared to a benign tumor?

It can invade surrounding tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a decrease in cell size?

Atrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of dysplasia in epithelial cells?

Chronic irritation Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue tumor is known as a lipoma?

Benign adipose tissue tumor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of apoptosis?

Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell and Tissue Structure Introduction

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of the body.
Tissues are collections of specialized cells.
Organs are made up of various tissues.
Systems are interactions of organs.

Types of Structural Levels

Molecular level: DNA and RNA molecules.
Subcellular level: Nucleus, organelles within the cell.
Cellular level: Hemocytoblast, Proerythroblast, Myeloblast, Lymphoblast, Monoblast, Megakaryoblast are examples of cells.
Tissue level: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
Organ level: Organs like the brain, heart, lungs.
System level: Examples of body systems include muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal, gastrointestinal, special senses, reproductive, urinary, and endocrine.

Types of Cells

Epithelial cells: line glands, organs, and cavities.
Endothelial cells: line blood vessels.
Mesothelial cells: line pleural and pericardial cavities.
Mesenchymal cells: fill spaces between organs.
Blood cells (red/white): found in blood, lymph nodes, and spleen.
Neurons: conducting cells of the nervous system.
Germ cells (spermatozoa, oocytes): reproductive cells.
Stem cells: cells that can differentiate into other cell types.

Cell Types and Function

Granulocytes and agranulocytes are types of leukocytes.
Proerythroblast, myeloblast, lymphoblast, monoblast, and megakaryoblast are important cells in blood cell formation.
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle are examples of muscle tissue cells.
Nervous tissue includes neurons (conducting cells).
Brain and spinal cord are part of the nervous system.
Connective tissues include loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.

What is Structure & Function?

Understanding anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry is crucial for understanding the relationship between structure and function of these modules.
Interplay between function and structure is very important.

Cell Diseases

Atrophy: Decrease in cell size (e.g., muscle atrophy in bedridden individuals).
Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size (e.g., muscle hypertrophy with exercise).
Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number (e.g., endometrial hyperplasia due to prolonged estrogen exposure).
Dysplasia: Abnormal changes in cell shape (e.g., respiratory epithelial cells due to smoking).
Metaplasia: Replacement of one type of cell with another (e.g., squamous metaplasia replacing ciliated respiratory epithelium).
Neoplasia (cancer): Abnormal growth of cells.
Necrosis: Cell death due to injury or disease via lysosomal enzyme activation.
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death (not due to injury).

Tumours

A neoplasm (tumor) is an affected cell.
Tumors can be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
A primary tumor is the originating tumor.
Secondary tumors are distant spread from the initial or primary cancer at secondary sites.

Tumours in Major Tissues

Epithelial tissues: carcinomas (malignant), papillomas (benign) and adenocarcinomas and adenomas.
Connective tissues: fibromas, fibrosarcomas, lipomas, liposarcomas, osteomas, osteosarcomas, chondromas, chondrosarcomas.
Muscle tissues: rhabdomyomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, cardiac sarcomas.
Neural tissues: gliomas, neuroblastomas.

Different Cell Types & Structures

Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size.
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell numbers.
Dysplasia is an abnormal change in cells.
Metaplasia is where one type of cell replaces another.
Necrosis is cell death due to illness or injury.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
Different cellular and tissue structures as examples of squamous, cuboidal, and columnar and their functional differences are shown.

Epithelial Tissue, types, Function

Epithelium covers surfaces, protects, secretes, absorbs, and excretes.

Glandular Epithelium (Exocrine and Endocrine Glands)

Exocrine glands secrete substances to external surfaces via ducts (e.g., sweat glands, salivary glands).
Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid, pituitary).

Exocrine Glands Types

Simple glands: tubular, acinar, branched tubular, branched acinar, coiled tubular, coiled acinar
Compound Glands: tubular, acinar.

Exocrine Gland Secretion types

Merocrine (eccrine) secretion: exocytosis, most common.
Apocrine secretion: pinched off apical portion of cell.
Holocrine secretion: rupture cells and release secretion.

'Surface' Epithelia (simple vs stratified)

Simple epithelia: single layer of cells (e.g., blood vessels).
Stratified epithelia: multiple layers of cells (e.g., skin).

Functions of 'Surface' Epithelium

Epithelial cells cover body surfaces, line internal cavities, and form glands.
Epithelium provides protection, regulates permeability, aids in secretion, and provides sensation.

Surface Epithelium Classification

Based on layers: simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers).
Based on shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (tall).

Different Surface Epithelia Types (by category)

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar

Cell Membrane Specialisations

Basement membrane: anchors cells to underlying tissue.
Keratin: protective protein.
Cilia: movement of particles.
Microvilli: increase surface area for absorption.
Intercellular junctions: tight junctions, adherens junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes.

Epithelial Cell Proliferation

Proliferation occurs through mitosis.
Cells divide to replace damaged cells and to increase tissue size.

Cancer

Cancer is a type of cell disease that is characterized by uncontrolled cell division and growth.
Cancer can result from genetic mutations that activate oncogenes (genes that cause uncontrolled cell growth).
Factors that can cause cancer include environmental exposures, chemical agents, or infectious agents.
Cancer is a collective term for several diseases, which can arise in different tissues and organs.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the features and classifications of various tissue types in histology. This quiz covers epithelial, muscle, and connective tissues, along with their functions and secretory mechanisms. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.