2-L2
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Questions and Answers

What is the main role of Type I alveolar cells?

  • Secreting mucus
  • Providing support and elasticity
  • Providing a barrier that is permeable to gases (correct)
  • Enhancing diffusion between external and internal environments
  • Which cell type in the alveoli is known for being stem cells and progenitor cells?

  • Granule cells
  • Goblet cells
  • Brush cells
  • Basal cells (correct)
  • What is the main feature of Brush cells in the alveoli?

  • Enhancing diffusion
  • Chemosensory receptors (correct)
  • Providing support
  • Secreting mucus
  • Which type of tissue makes up the Adventitia of the trachea?

    <p>Dense connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Interalveolar septum?

    <p>Separating neighboring alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type covers 97% of the alveolar surface?

    <p>Type I alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Goblet cells in the alveoli?

    <p>Mucus secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specialized feature of Alveoli walls to enhance diffusion between external and internal environments?

    <p>Open pockets on one side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the seromucous glands in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

    <p>Produce watery mucus to moisten and trap foreign particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Type II alveolar cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>Facilitate gas exchange in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lymphoid system cells in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

    <p>Destroy bacteria just under the epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the combination of cartilage, elastic fibers, collagen fibers, and smooth muscle benefit the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

    <p>Provides rigid structural support and flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Esophagus in the digestive tract?

    <p>Transport food from the mouth to the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of Type II alveolar cells (Septal cells) in the respiratory system?

    <p>Produce pulmonary surfactant to reduce surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of conducting portion components in the respiratory system?

    <p>Warm cold air and trap foreign particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage present in the trachea?

    <p>To keep tracheal lumen open and prevent collapse during inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of goblet cells in the intestinal lining?

    <p>Production of mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the gastrointestinal tract exhibits deep permanent folds known as Plicae circulares (Kerckring's valves)?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the urothelium (transitional epithelium) in the urinary system?

    <p>Protection against hypertonic urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Paneth cells located in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>In the basal portion of intestinal crypts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for renewing the epithelium in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Teniae coli in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Movement of feces through the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do appendices epiploicae contribute to the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>They act as suspended masses of adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key process involved in maintaining homeostasis by the urinary system?

    <p>Filtration of cellular wastes from blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for selective reabsorption of water and solutes in the urinary system?

    <p>The system's complex combination of processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mucous neck cells in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Produce mucus for protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the gastrointestinal tract are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid?

    <p>Parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is intrinsic factor needed for absorption of vitamin B12 produced?

    <p>Parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer allows local movements of the mucosa independent of other movements of the digestive tract?

    <p>Muscularis mucosae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the gastrointestinal tract can you find blood and lymph vessels, and autonomic myenteric nerve plexus?

    <p>Submucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Smooth muscle cells with two sublayers - internal circular and external longitudinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the serosa in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Support the intestines with connective tissue rich in blood vessels and lymphatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is considered the visceral peritoneum in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the simple columnar epithelium covering the surface and lining the pits in the stomach?

    <p>Produce mucus for lubrication and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase?

    <p>Chief (zymogenic) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is secreted by G cells found in the bases of the gastric glands?

    <p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium covers the large intestine?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of D cells in the stomach?

    <p>Secrete somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for secreting histamine in the stomach?

    <p>EnteroChromaffin Like cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ serves as a mixed exocrine and endocrine organ, secreting hormones while also aiding in digestion?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the small intestine?

    <p>Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the large intestine?

    <p>Absence of villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Trachea Anatomy

    • The trachea contains three layers: mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia.
    • Mucosa consists of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and a layer of hyaline cartilage.
    • Submucosa contains loose connective tissue, many blood vessels, and mucous glands.
    • Adventitia is a dense connective tissue that contains 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

    Alveoli Structure and Function

    • Alveoli are small, sac-like evaginations of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.
    • Alveoli have a specialized structure to enhance diffusion between the external and internal environments.
    • Alveoli contain various types of cells, including:
      • Type I alveolar cells (or type I pneumocytes): extremely attenuated cells that line the alveolar surfaces.
      • Type II alveolar cells (septal cells): rounded cells that give rise to the pulmonary surfactant.
      • Alveolar macrophages: phagocytose erythrocytes and airborne particulate matter.

    Conducting Portion Functions

    • Many blood vessels in the lamina propria warm cold air.
    • Goblet cells and mucous glands produce mucus to moisten dry air.
    • C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage keep the tracheal lumen open.
    • Lymphoid system cells under the epithelium destroy bacteria.

    Digestive Tract

    • The digestive tract consists of four main layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
    • Esophagus:
      • Lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
      • Contains stem cells, mucous neck cells, and parietal cells.
    • Stomach:
      • A mixed exocrine and endocrine organ.
      • Secrete hormones, digests carbohydrates, proteins, and triglycerides.
      • Contains chief cells, parietal cells, and enteroendocrine cells.
    • Small intestine:
      • Features: villi, presence of glands, and plicae circularis.
      • Lined by simple columnar epithelium with absorptive cells, goblet cells, and Paneth cells.
    • Large intestine:
      • Absence of villi, presence of glands, and marked increase of goblet cells.
      • Features: teniae coli, appendices epiploicae, and plicae semilunares.

    Urinary System

    • The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
    • Functions: filtration of cellular wastes from blood, selective reabsorption of water and solutes, and excretion of wastes and excess water.
    • Types of cells in the urinary system:
      • Urothelium (transitional epithelium): a single layer of small basal cells, an intermediate region, and a superficial layer of umbrella cells.
      • Cells in the urinary system: absorptive cells, goblet cells, stem cells, Paneth cells, and enteroendocrine cells.

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