Questions and Answers
Which of the following cell types are NOT found in respiratory epithelium?
What is the function of the trachealis muscle?
Which of the following structures is NOT lined by respiratory epithelium?
What is the primary function of the cilia in respiratory epithelium?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the nasal cavity?
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What type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis?
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What is the function of the goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?
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Which of the following structures is composed of hyaline cartilage?
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Which of the following is NOT a layer of the trachea?
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What is the primary function of the smooth muscle in the bronchi?
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What type of epithelial tissue lines the larger bronchioles?
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What is the function of Clara cells in the bronchioles?
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At what stage of development can a baby breathe outside the womb?
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What happens to the cartilage in the respiratory system as branching progresses?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the tracheal epithelium?
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What is the primary difference between bronchi and bronchioles?
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What is the primary function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
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What structures are considered part of the respiratory portion?
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Which function is NOT attributed to the respiratory system?
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From which germ layer does the epithelium and glands of the respiratory tract originate?
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Which statement is true regarding the development of bronchi and bronchioles?
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What role does the mesoderm play in the respiratory system?
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Which of the following structures does NOT belong to the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
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Which function involves the respiratory system providing a reservoir for hematopoietic progenitors?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Functional Components
- The respiratory system consists of three functional components: conducting portion, respiratory portion, and pleura.
- Conducting portion: nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, which conduct air to and from alveoli and condition the air (warm, humidify, filter).
- Respiratory portion: respiratory bronchioles and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
- Pleura: a double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity.
Respiratory System Functions
- Gas exchange and acid-base balance
- Olfaction (smell)
- Phonation (voice production)
- Haematopoiesis: platelet biogenesis and reservoir for haematopoietic progenitors
- Pulmonary defense
- Compression of abdominal cavity
- Pulmonary metabolism and handling of bioactive materials
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
- Embryology: respiratory system develops from the foregut, with the respiratory diverticulum (bud) forming from endoderm and mesoderm.
- Endoderm gives rise to epithelium and glands, while mesoderm gives rise to connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle.
Respiratory Epithelium Cell Types
- Ciliated columnar cells: most abundant, with cilia that beat in unison to move mucus and trapped particles.
- Goblet cells: produce mucus.
- Basal cells: stem cells that replenish epithelium.
- Brush cells: columnar cells with apical microvilli.
- Neuroendocrine cells: epithelial cells containing hormones.
Nasal Cavity
- Respiratory epithelium everywhere except at the top, which has specialized olfactory epithelium.
- Serous and mucous glands and numerous blood vessels in lamina propria.
- Nasal septum: midline structure consisting of bone and hyaline cartilage.
- Nasal fossa: chambers on each side of septum.
- Three types of epithelium: nasal vestibule (stratified squamous epithelium), nasal cavity proper (respiratory epithelium), and olfactory area (olfactory epithelium).
Larynx and Epiglottis
- Epiglottis covers laryngeal opening during swallowing, with a core of elastic cartilage.
- Superior surface: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- Inferior surface: respiratory epithelium.
- Vocal folds are covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- Laryngeal cartilages support the wall of the larynx and serve as attachments for vocalis muscles.
- False vocal folds are covered by respiratory epithelium.
Trachea
- Extends from larynx and divides into two primary bronchi.
- Contains 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings with the dorsal opening bridged by smooth muscle (trachealis muscle).
- Lined by respiratory epithelium.
- Seromucous glands in lamina propria and submucosa.
- Composed of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, cartilage framework, and adventitia.
Bronchi
- Trachea divides into two primary bronchi, which divide into secondary bronchi, and so on.
- Tertiary bronchi divide into smaller bronchi, which divide into bronchioles.
- Bronchi undergo 9-12 branchings.
- As branching progresses, connective tissue decreases in thickness, and the relative amount of smooth muscle and elastic tissue increases, with cartilage disappearing by bronchioles.
Bronchioles
- NO glands or cartilage.
- Larger bronchioles have respiratory epithelium, while smaller bronchioles have low columnar epithelium.
- In asthma, the smooth muscle in bronchioles constricts, causing difficulty breathing.
- Terminal bronchioles have simple cuboidal epithelium with cilia and Clara cells (non-ciliated epithelial cells with secretory granules).
Development of Lungs
- By week 24, respiratory bronchioles are present, and lungs are vascularized, making respiration possible, but chances of survival outside the placenta are slim.
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Description
This quiz covers the functional components of the respiratory system, including conducting and respiratory portions. It includes structures such as nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli.
