Histology Lecture 3: Glandular Epithelium

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Questions and Answers

What type of substances can glandular epithelial cells synthesize?

Only hormones and enzymes

Proteins, lipids, and complexes of carbohydrates and proteins (correct)

Only carbohydrates and proteins

Only proteins and lipids

How do glands develop from covering epithelia?

Epithelial cells differentiate into connective tissue cells

Epithelial cells proliferate and remain at the surface

Epithelial cells proliferate and penetrate connective tissue followed by further differentiation (correct)

Epithelial cells die and are replaced by connective tissue cells

What is the functional part of a gland formed by its secretory cells called?

Parenchyma (correct)

Lobules

Stroma

Capsule

What type of glands release their products into the blood stream?

Endocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds a gland externally?

A dense layer of connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What divides the gland into lobes?

Thicker septa Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a mixed gland?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the supporting elements of a gland?

Stroma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is an example of a simple tubular gland?

Stomach glands Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion mechanism does the exocrine pancreas utilize?

Merocrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands produces a viscous, carbohydrate-rich secretion?

Pyloric glands of stomach Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a simple gland and a compound gland?

Simple glands have a single, unbranched duct system, while compound glands have a branching duct system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is an example of a mixed gland?

Sublingual salivary gland Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion mechanism involves the loss of the entire secretory cell and its product?

Holocrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is NOT an example of an exocrine gland?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of serous glands?

To produce a thin, watery, protein-rich secretion Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Glandular Epithelium

Glandular epithelial cells produce secretions, synthesizing, storing, and secreting proteins, lipids, and complexes of carbohydrates and proteins.

Development of Glands

Glands form from covering epithelia through cell proliferation, penetration into connective tissue, and further differentiation.
Glands may maintain contact with the surface, forming exocrine glands, or lose contact, forming endocrine glands.

General Histological Structure of Glands

A gland is surrounded by a dense layer of connective tissue, forming a capsule, which extends into the gland, dividing it into lobes and lobules.
The functional part of a gland, formed by its secretory cells, is known as the parenchyma, while the supporting elements, mainly connective tissue, are the stroma.

Classification of Glands

Exocrine glands release products onto an epithelial surface, either directly or through a duct, e.g., salivary glands, mammary glands.
Endocrine glands release products into the bloodstream, e.g., thyroid gland, pituitary gland.
Mixed glands possess both exocrine and endocrine functions, e.g., pancreas, liver cells.

Histological Classification of Exocrine Glands

According to secretory mechanisms:
- Merocrine: secretory product is released by exocytosis, without loss of cell substance, e.g., pancreas, salivary glands.
- Apocrine: apical part of cytoplasm is lost with secretory product, e.g., female mammary gland.
- Holocrine: entire secretory cell and product are discharged, e.g., sebaceous glands.
According to duct system:
- Simple: ducts are not branched.
- Compound: ducts are branched.
According to secretory portion:
- Tubular: shaped like a tube, e.g., glands of intestine, stomach.
- Acinar or alveolar: flask-shaped with narrow centrally placed lumen, e.g., pancreas, parotid salivary gland.
- Tubuloacinar: combination of tube ends with sac-like dilatation, e.g., submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

Histological Classification According to Nature of Secretions

Mucous glands: produce viscid, slimy, carbohydrate-rich secretion, e.g., Pyloric glands of stomach.
Serous glands: produce thin, watery, protein-rich secretions, often high in enzymatic activity, e.g., Exocrine pancreas, parotid salivary gland.
Mixed glands: produce both mucous and serous secretions, e.g., sublingual and submandibular salivary glands.

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Description

Learn about glandular epithelial cells and their functions in producing secretions, including proteins and lipids. Based on Anthony L. Mescher's Jonquiere's Basic Histology.