Histology and Tissue Organization
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Questions and Answers

What is gross anatomy primarily concerned with?

  • The microscopic examination of tissues
  • Structures examined by the naked eye (correct)
  • The physiological processes of living organisms
  • The molecular composition of cells

Which field specifically studies cell structure?

  • Cytology (correct)
  • Histology
  • Physiology
  • Anatomy

What does anatomy encompass in its study?

  • The study of physiological function alone
  • The study of structure and relationships among structures (correct)
  • Only the relationships between organs
  • The genetic makeup of organisms

Which of the following best describes physiology?

<p>Study of normal function in living creatures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a focus area of anatomy?

<p>Cellular processes in organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of placing cleared tissue in melted paraffin?

<p>To preserve the structural integrity of the tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the clearing solvent when the tissue is placed in melted paraffin?

<p>It evaporates entirely from the tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final phase of the infiltration process described?

<p>The tissue is embedded in a solid matrix. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the state of the tissue after infiltrating with liquid paraffin?

<p>The tissue is filled with liquid paraffin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for the paraffin when infiltrating cleared tissue?

<p>It must be at a high temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is primarily found in the ear?

<p>Elastic cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage in joints?

<p>Reduces friction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is primarily found in intervertebral discs?

<p>Fibrocartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes compact bone from spongy bone?

<p>Compact bone has no spaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of marrow can be found in yellow bone marrow?

<p>Adipose tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neurons in nerve tissue?

<p>To initiate and propagate action potentials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes neurons from glial cells?

<p>Neurons are capable of action potentials while glial cells are not (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do glial cells play in nerve tissue?

<p>They support and protect neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of structure, how do glial cells differ from neurons?

<p>Glial cells have only short processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of neurons makes them excitable and irritable?

<p>Their ability to initiate and propagate action potentials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of embedding in the described process?

<p>To preserve the tissue sample for observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to fill the mold during the embedding process?

<p>Melted paraffin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate next step after embedding and hardening the paraffin-infiltrated tissue?

<p>Microtome slicing of the tissue block (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of trimming, what equipment is specifically mentioned for use?

<p>Microtome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of paraffin makes it suitable for embedding tissue samples?

<p>It becomes solid when cooled (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?

<p>To contain the nucleus and organelles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?

<p>The dendrites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT found in the cell body of a neuron?

<p>Axon terminals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the elongated processes that extend from the perikaryon called?

<p>Dendrites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a neuron primarily contains the genetic material?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gross Anatomy

Study of body structures that are visible without a microscope.

Cytology

Study of cells.

Anatomy

Study of body structure and relationships among structures.

Physiology

Study of body function.

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Body Structure

The arrangement of parts in an organism.

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Tissue clearing

Removing water from tissue to prepare it for paraffin embedding.

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Paraffin Wax

A material used to embed biological specimens for microscopic examination.

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Clearing solvent

A substance that removes water from the tissue before embedding in paraffin wax

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Paraffin embedding

Filling tissue with melted paraffin wax.

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Tissue

Biological material being prepared for study.

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Embedding

The process of surrounding tissue with melted paraffin to create a solid block for sectioning.

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Paraffin

A type of wax used to embed tissues for sectioning, making them firm and easy to slice.

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Microtome

A specialized instrument that uses a sharp blade to slice thin sections of embedded tissue for microscopic examination.

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Trimming

The process of carefully shaving away excess paraffin from the embedded tissue block to expose a surface for sectioning.

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Tissue Block

A solid block of tissue embedded in paraffin, ready for sectioning.

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Elastic Cartilage

A type of cartilage found in the ear and epiglottis. It is flexible and can withstand repeated bending and stretching.

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Hyaline Cartilage

A smooth, glassy type of cartilage that covers the ends of bones in joints. It reduces friction and allows for smooth movement.

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Fibrocartilage

A strong, tough type of cartilage found in intervertebral discs. It provides support and shock absorption.

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Compact Bone

A dense type of bone that forms the outer layer of bones. It is strong and provides protection.

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Spongy Bone

A porous type of bone that forms the inner layer of bones. It is less dense than compact bone and contains red marrow which produces blood cells.

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Nerve Tissue

Specialized tissue responsible for communication within the body, made up of neurons and glial cells.

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Neurons

Nerve cells that transmit electrical signals called action potentials.

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Action Potentials

Electrical signals that travel along neurons, enabling communication.

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Glial Cells

Support cells found in nerve tissue that provide protection and nourishment to neurons.

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Excitable & Irritable

Describes neurons' ability to respond to stimuli and generate action potentials.

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Cell Body (Perikaryon)

The central part of a neuron, containing the nucleus and organelles. It's where most of the neuron's metabolic processes occur.

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Dendrites

Numerous branched extensions from the cell body that receive signals from other neurons.

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Axon

A long, slender projection from the cell body that transmits signals to other neurons or target cells.

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Synapse

The junction between a neuron and another neuron or target cell, where communication occurs.

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Study Notes

Histology

  • Study of cells and tissues using a microscope
  • Gross anatomy: structures visible with the naked eye
  • Cytology: study of cells
  • Anatomy: study of structures and their relationships
  • Physiology: study of normal function
  • Biochemistry: study of chemical processes in living organisms

Structural Levels of Organization

  • The human body is organized at six levels, from simplest to most complex.
  • Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, System, Organ, Organism levels.

Tissue Components

  • Major components in all body tissues: cells and extracellular matrix (ECM).
  • ECM produced by cells, influencing and controlling the cell.
  • Connective tissue ECM is more prevalent than cellular components in some tissues

Tissue Preparation for Study

  • Most common preparation involves tissue slicing/sections studied with a light microscope.
  • Thin slices allow light to pass through
  • Cutting: tissue thickness should not exceed 0.5cm (light microscopy), and 1-2mm (electron microscopy).
  • Fixation: treating tissue ASAP after removal, using stabilizing/crosslinking compounds (e.g., formalin, formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde).
  • Dehydration: Removing water (fixed tissue) by increasing ethanol concentration (70% to 100%).
  • Clearing: replacing ethanol with a solvent miscible with alcohol and embedding material (paraffin wax).
  • Infiltration: immersing cleared tissue into melted paraffin wax.
  • Embedding: placing infiltrated tissue into a mold with melted paraffin to harden.
  • Trimming: trimming the hardened block for sectioning
  • Staining: tissues are colorless, basic dyes stain negatively charged components, and acidic dyes stain positively charged components (e.g., H&E stain).

Microscopes

  • Light microscopy: lower magnification
  • Electron microscopy: higher magnification

Basic Tissue Types

  • Epithelial: covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands
  • Connective: supports and connects other tissues
  • Nervous: transmits nerve impulses
  • Muscle: contracts to produce movement

Nerve Tissue

  • Neurons: initiate and propagate action potentials, consisting of a cell body, dendrites and axons
  • Glial cells: support and protect neurons

Additional Information (From later pages)

  • Paraffin-infiltrated tissue is placed in a mold with melted paraffin and allowed to harden.
  • Tissue components like nuclei and collagen can be stained with basic/acidic dyes.
  • Embedding uses xylene, paraffin, and alcohol.
  • Clearing removes water and prepares tissue for paraffin embedding.
  • Fixation is the step after removal of tissue from the body
  • Processes like dehydration, clearing, infiltration, and embedding are crucial to tissue preparation for study.
  • Light microscopy has a resolution of 0.2µm.
  • Electron microscopy has a resolution of 3nm.
  • Various cell types exist with specific functions (e.g., multipolar neurons, bipolar neurons.).
  • The blood-brain barrier is formed by astrocytes.
  • Some tissues have high regenerative capabilities (e.g., smooth muscle, cardiac muscle).
  • Certain cells (e.g. oligodendrocytes, schwann cells) are associated with neural tissue function.

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Introduction to Histology PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of histology, where you'll learn about the study of cells and tissues under a microscope. This quiz covers the structural organization of the human body, the major components of tissues, and the methods of tissue preparation for study. Dive deep into the intricate relationships between anatomy and physiology.

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