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Questions and Answers
What is gross anatomy primarily concerned with?
What is gross anatomy primarily concerned with?
Which field specifically studies cell structure?
Which field specifically studies cell structure?
What does anatomy encompass in its study?
What does anatomy encompass in its study?
Which of the following best describes physiology?
Which of the following best describes physiology?
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Which of these is NOT a focus area of anatomy?
Which of these is NOT a focus area of anatomy?
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What is the primary purpose of placing cleared tissue in melted paraffin?
What is the primary purpose of placing cleared tissue in melted paraffin?
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What occurs to the clearing solvent when the tissue is placed in melted paraffin?
What occurs to the clearing solvent when the tissue is placed in melted paraffin?
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What is the final phase of the infiltration process described?
What is the final phase of the infiltration process described?
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Which of the following best describes the state of the tissue after infiltrating with liquid paraffin?
Which of the following best describes the state of the tissue after infiltrating with liquid paraffin?
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What is a key requirement for the paraffin when infiltrating cleared tissue?
What is a key requirement for the paraffin when infiltrating cleared tissue?
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What type of cartilage is primarily found in the ear?
What type of cartilage is primarily found in the ear?
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What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage in joints?
What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage in joints?
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Which type of cartilage is primarily found in intervertebral discs?
Which type of cartilage is primarily found in intervertebral discs?
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What distinguishes compact bone from spongy bone?
What distinguishes compact bone from spongy bone?
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What type of marrow can be found in yellow bone marrow?
What type of marrow can be found in yellow bone marrow?
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What is the primary function of neurons in nerve tissue?
What is the primary function of neurons in nerve tissue?
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Which characteristic distinguishes neurons from glial cells?
Which characteristic distinguishes neurons from glial cells?
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What role do glial cells play in nerve tissue?
What role do glial cells play in nerve tissue?
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In terms of structure, how do glial cells differ from neurons?
In terms of structure, how do glial cells differ from neurons?
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What property of neurons makes them excitable and irritable?
What property of neurons makes them excitable and irritable?
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What is the purpose of embedding in the described process?
What is the purpose of embedding in the described process?
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What is used to fill the mold during the embedding process?
What is used to fill the mold during the embedding process?
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What is the immediate next step after embedding and hardening the paraffin-infiltrated tissue?
What is the immediate next step after embedding and hardening the paraffin-infiltrated tissue?
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In the context of trimming, what equipment is specifically mentioned for use?
In the context of trimming, what equipment is specifically mentioned for use?
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What characteristic of paraffin makes it suitable for embedding tissue samples?
What characteristic of paraffin makes it suitable for embedding tissue samples?
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What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?
What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?
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Which part of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
Which part of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
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Which of the following structures is NOT found in the cell body of a neuron?
Which of the following structures is NOT found in the cell body of a neuron?
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What are the elongated processes that extend from the perikaryon called?
What are the elongated processes that extend from the perikaryon called?
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Which component of a neuron primarily contains the genetic material?
Which component of a neuron primarily contains the genetic material?
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Study Notes
Histology
- Study of cells and tissues using a microscope
- Gross anatomy: structures visible with the naked eye
- Cytology: study of cells
- Anatomy: study of structures and their relationships
- Physiology: study of normal function
- Biochemistry: study of chemical processes in living organisms
Structural Levels of Organization
- The human body is organized at six levels, from simplest to most complex.
- Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, System, Organ, Organism levels.
Tissue Components
- Major components in all body tissues: cells and extracellular matrix (ECM).
- ECM produced by cells, influencing and controlling the cell.
- Connective tissue ECM is more prevalent than cellular components in some tissues
Tissue Preparation for Study
- Most common preparation involves tissue slicing/sections studied with a light microscope.
- Thin slices allow light to pass through
- Cutting: tissue thickness should not exceed 0.5cm (light microscopy), and 1-2mm (electron microscopy).
- Fixation: treating tissue ASAP after removal, using stabilizing/crosslinking compounds (e.g., formalin, formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde).
- Dehydration: Removing water (fixed tissue) by increasing ethanol concentration (70% to 100%).
- Clearing: replacing ethanol with a solvent miscible with alcohol and embedding material (paraffin wax).
- Infiltration: immersing cleared tissue into melted paraffin wax.
- Embedding: placing infiltrated tissue into a mold with melted paraffin to harden.
- Trimming: trimming the hardened block for sectioning
- Staining: tissues are colorless, basic dyes stain negatively charged components, and acidic dyes stain positively charged components (e.g., H&E stain).
Microscopes
- Light microscopy: lower magnification
- Electron microscopy: higher magnification
Basic Tissue Types
- Epithelial: covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands
- Connective: supports and connects other tissues
- Nervous: transmits nerve impulses
- Muscle: contracts to produce movement
Nerve Tissue
- Neurons: initiate and propagate action potentials, consisting of a cell body, dendrites and axons
- Glial cells: support and protect neurons
Additional Information (From later pages)
- Paraffin-infiltrated tissue is placed in a mold with melted paraffin and allowed to harden.
- Tissue components like nuclei and collagen can be stained with basic/acidic dyes.
- Embedding uses xylene, paraffin, and alcohol.
- Clearing removes water and prepares tissue for paraffin embedding.
- Fixation is the step after removal of tissue from the body
- Processes like dehydration, clearing, infiltration, and embedding are crucial to tissue preparation for study.
- Light microscopy has a resolution of 0.2µm.
- Electron microscopy has a resolution of 3nm.
- Various cell types exist with specific functions (e.g., multipolar neurons, bipolar neurons.).
- The blood-brain barrier is formed by astrocytes.
- Some tissues have high regenerative capabilities (e.g., smooth muscle, cardiac muscle).
- Certain cells (e.g. oligodendrocytes, schwann cells) are associated with neural tissue function.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of histology, where you'll learn about the study of cells and tissues under a microscope. This quiz covers the structural organization of the human body, the major components of tissues, and the methods of tissue preparation for study. Dive deep into the intricate relationships between anatomy and physiology.
