Histology and Cell Biology: Digestive Glands I

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of saliva in the oral cavity?

  • Digestion of proteins
  • Lubrication, control of bacterial flora, and cleansing action (correct)
  • Production of hormones
  • Regulation of body temperature

What is the average daily production of saliva?

  • 2.5 to 3.0 liters
  • 0.5 to 1.0 liters
  • 1.5 to 2.0 liters
  • 1.0 to 1.2 liters (correct)

What is the primary function of the striated ducts in the submandibular gland?

  • Removal of sodium and chloride ions (correct)
  • Storage of saliva
  • Addition of bicarbonate ions
  • Production of enzymes

What type of solution is saliva?

<p>Hypotonic solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of salivary amylase in saliva?

<p>Breakdown of carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the region of the pancreas with the highest concentration of endocrine tissue?

<p>Tail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intercalated ducts in the submandibular gland?

<p>Addition of bicarbonate ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are found in the islet of Langerhans?

<p>Endocrine cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue composes the capsule of the pancreas?

<p>Delicate connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the septa in the pancreas?

<p>To convey blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and ducts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gland is the exocrine pancreas classified as?

<p>Serous gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are found in the center of the acini?

<p>Centroacinar cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of acinar cells?

<p>Pyramidal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the secretory granules located in the acinar cell?

<p>Apical region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is associated with the secretory granules in the acinar cell?

<p>Golgi complex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intercalated duct in the pancreas?

<p>Partly penetrates the acini (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of the sublingual gland?

<p>Mixed, compound tubuloalveolar gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the extrinsic glands of the digestive system located?

<p>Outside the wall of the alimentary canal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the mucous cells in the acini?

<p>Pyramidal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the serous demilunes?

<p>To deliver secretions into the spaces between mucous cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the extrinsic glands?

<p>To provide enzymes, buffers, emulsifiers, and lubricants for the digestive tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gland is the parotid gland?

<p>Tubuloalveolar gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the striated ducts?

<p>Have basal striations that parallel the longitudinal axis of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the capsule of the parotid gland formed by?

<p>Superficial cervical fascia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the sublingual gland?

<p>Mucous cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trabeculae in the parotid gland?

<p>To convey blood and lymph vessels, ducts, and nerves into the substance of the gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the serous demilunes?

<p>Peripheral to the mucous acini (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of the mucous cells under a light microscope?

<p>Pale blue cells with a frothy appearance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are the acinar cells in the parotid gland?

<p>Pyramidal cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the myoepithelial cells in the parotid gland?

<p>Stellate shaped (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the organelles in the mucous cells?

<p>Between the granules and the nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which duct is the largest in the parotid gland?

<p>Stensen's duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are alpha cells preferentially positioned in the islet?

<p>At the periphery of the islet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of beta cell granules?

<p>Small with an irregular dense core (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does delta1 cells produce?

<p>Somatostatin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glucagon?

<p>Elevates blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of somatostatin?

<p>Reduces the release of insulin and glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is produced by G cells?

<p>Gastrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Function of saliva

Lubrication, bacterial control, and cleansing.

Daily saliva production

Average production is 1.0 to 1.2 liters.

Striated ducts function

Remove sodium and chloride ions.

Saliva type

Saliva is a hypotonic solution.

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Salivary amylase function

Breaks down carbohydrates.

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Pancreas endocrine region

Tail has the highest concentration of endocrine tissue.

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Intercalated ducts function

Add bicarbonate ions to saliva.

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Islet of Langerhans cells

Contains endocrine cells.

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Pancreas capsule type

Made of delicate connective tissue.

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Pancreas septa function

Conveys blood, lymph, nerves, and ducts.

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Exocrine pancreas classification

Classified as a serous gland.

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Centroacinar cells

Located in the center of acini.

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Acinar cells shape

Acinar cells are pyramidal in shape.

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Secretory granules location

Located in the apical region of acinar cells.

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Golgi complex function

Associated with secretory granules in acinar cells.

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Intercalated duct function in pancreas

Partly penetrates the acini.

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Sublingual gland classification

Mixed, compound tubuloalveolar gland.

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Extrinsic glands location

Located outside the wall of the alimentary canal.

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Mucous cells shape

Mucous cells are pyramidal in shape.

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Serous demilunes function

Deliver secretions into spaces between mucous cells.

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Extrinsic glands function

Provide enzymes, buffers, emulsifiers, and lubricants.

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Parotid gland type

Classified as a tubuloalveolar gland.

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Striated ducts characteristics

Have basal striations that parallel the cell axis.

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Parotid gland capsule

Formed by superficial cervical fascia.

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Sublingual gland main component

Mainly composed of mucous cells.

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Trabeculae function in parotid gland

Convey blood and lymph vessels, ducts, and nerves.

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Serous demilunes location

Located peripheral to the mucous acini.

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Mucous cells appearance

Pale blue cells with a frothy appearance.

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Parotid acinar cells type

Acinar cells in parotid gland are pyramidal.

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Myoepithelial cells shape

Stellate shaped in the parotid gland.

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Mucous cells organelles location

Organelles are between the granules and the nucleus.

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Largest parotid duct

Stensen's duct is the largest in the parotid gland.

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Alpha cells position in islet

Located at the periphery of the islet.

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Beta cell granules characteristic

Small with an irregular dense core.

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Delta1 cells function

Produce somatostatin hormone.

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Glucagon function

Elevates blood glucose levels.

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Somatostatin function

Reduces the release of insulin and glucagon.

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G cells hormone

Produce the hormone gastrin.

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Study Notes

Submandibular Gland

  • Composed mostly of serous acini, but also has groups of mucous acini with serous demilunes
  • Contains both pure serous and mixed secretory units
  • Intercalated ducts are short, while striated ducts are long and clearly evident

Saliva

  • Average daily production is 1.0 to 1.2 liters
  • Functions:
    • Protects the oral cavity through lubrication, control of bacterial flora, and cleansing action
    • Assists in taste sensation
    • Initiates digestion of carbohydrates via salivary amylase
  • Primary secretion resembles extracellular fluid
  • Final secretion:
    • Intercalated ducts deliver bicarbonate ions into the saliva
    • Striated ducts remove sodium and chloride ions from the luminal fluid and actively pump potassium ions into it
    • Saliva is a hypotonic solution

Pancreas

  • Retroperitoneal gland that produces both exocrine and endocrine secretions
  • Subdivided into the following regions: head, uncinate process, neck, body, and tail
  • Tail contains the highest concentration of endocrine tissue (islets of Langerhans)

Exocrine Pancreas

  • Classification: purely serous, compound tubuloalveolar gland
  • Acini:
    • Only serous, with centers containing centroacinar cells
    • Centroacinar cells form the beginning of the duct system in the pancreas
  • Intercellular canaliculi lead from between acinar cells to the lumen of the acinus
  • Acinar cells:
    • Pyramidal in shape with a round nucleus that is basally located
    • Basal region is strongly basophilic
    • Apical region is densely packed with secretory granules (zymogen granules)

Digestive Glands

  • Extrinsic glands of the digestive system:
    • Salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, and submandibular)
    • Pancreas
    • Liver
  • Provide enzymes, buffers, emulsifiers, and lubricants for the digestive tract, as well as hormones, proteins, globulins, and numerous additional products for the remainder of the body

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