P1 Histoire du Sport: Évolution et Impact Sociétal

• The notes cover the history of sports, including its evolution, societal impact, and key figures.

La Notion d'Histoire (du Sport)

• History, in the context of sports, is the study of the past and the evolution of a sporting phenomenon.
• It examines the changes between two points in time, A and B.
• The diachronic approach evaluates what changes and what remains constant, considering both rupture and continuity.
• A significant sporting event or action can alter the course, leading to a change or creating a celebrity.
• An example of this is Dick Fosbury revolutionizing the high jump in 1968.
• Pierre de Coubertin revolutionized the Olympic Games through how the games are run.
• History is linked to the present, using the past to understand the current issues and reflections.
• The past is an integral part of understanding the present.
• Historically, sports were not always considered an important area of study.
• Studying sports provides insights into society, as it has become an essential element.
• The history of sport mirrors the history of society (metonymy).
• Studying sports provides a reflection of society.
• Between 1970 and 1980, there was a progressive shift where sports increasingly impacted all aspects of society.

Sport et Patrimoine

• Sports are part of the cultural heritage.
• Sports museums highlight the evolution of sports.
• When visiting a city, stadiums and club museums are often visited.

Temporalité

• The emergence of sports has occurred in different periods throughout history.
• Antiquity (700 BC to 500 AD): period of intense sporting activity.
• Ancient Greece with Athens as its center fostered the creation of the first Olympic Games (-776 BC).
• The games spread throughout the empire, including France (Nikaia = Nice).
• Cities like Olympia organized games with sports facilities near religious buildings.
• Sports were tied to religion.
• Societies that value sports are considered developed societies.
• The Romans developed sports in all cities of their empire, with festivals every two months (ludis).
• They left behind important sporting heritage like the Colosseum in Rome.
• Champion athletes, coaches, and heroes emerged as modern models.
• Sport activity declined after antiquity.
• Late 19th century: the industrial revolution in the West (1850-1914) led to modern sports.
• No Olympics or organized championships existed in 1850, and there were no standardized sports.
• Competitive international sports emerged around 1914.
• Contributing factors include modernization, urbanization, and the emergence of leisure time and inventions.
• Acceleration of sports, and media exposure existed throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
• Sports became central to society, and people began to consume sports daily.
• Nations began using sports to develop diplomatic ties (e.g., Qatar).

Contours du Sport

• Reflecting on the history of sports means considering the history of specific disciplines; each family of discipline has its history.
• It also involves the history of practices (gestures), including technical evolution to improve performance, technological advances, and cultural changes.
• A historical record of local, regional, national, and international competitions and championships exists.
• Also, a historical record of supporters, spectators, and the public interest.
• History expands the idea of sport, including the presentation in the body.
• Also, there is an inclusion of elements like the body's limits and the use of doping.
• A history of idealized bodies in advertisements, images, and notions of feminine and masculine beauty.
• The history of adventure sports includes conquests, discoveries (e.g., raids, mountain summits, and round-the-world tours).

Figures

• The history of sports focuses on individuals who have shaped and created sports, gaining notoriety and influence.
• The history includes biographies of athletes with local or international recognition.
• The role of sports promoters, agents of sports development (leaders, competition creators, journalists) is considered.
• Also, the role and the history of supporters.
• Sports are linked to military discipline, and soldiers become sports heroes; for example, Jean Boin, a runner who died in WWI, had stadiums named after him.

Importance des Médias

• Sports are staged and presented through the media, giving the sport an outlet without certain sports would not exist.
• Increased media coverage (newspapers, TV, photos) amplifies the impact of sports.
• Images create enduring impressions.
• Radio remains a medium for listening to sports events.
• Television since the 1960s has allowed viewers to follow all aspects of sports live.
• Social media platforms are used widely.
• Sports have influence in art, cinema, literature, theater, and music.

Distinction entre Éducation Physique et Sport

• Physical education is the introduction of sports into the educational system.
• Sport refers to competitive domains.

Sport et Genre

• Consideration of male and female participation, how sports have developed, and evolving opportunities for men and women.
• Gender equality is a goal for the 2024 Olympics.
• Sports like auto racing, CrossFit, equestrian, and sailing are examples where men and women compete on an equal footing.