Hippocampal Memory Structures and Visual Recognition Memory
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Questions and Answers

When do infants typically acquire the ability to use personal pronouns like 'I' and 'me'?

  • 5 months old
  • 22 months old (correct)
  • 2-4 years old
  • 6-12 months old

Why do first-born children tend to have memories earlier than later-born children according to the text?

  • Later-born children have childhood amnesia
  • Later-born children are less intelligent
  • First-born children have better memory genes
  • First-born children have more child-parent interactions (correct)

What is the proposed influence of parents talking to their children about past events?

  • Parents cause infantile amnesia in children
  • Parents strengthen their children's memories (correct)
  • Parents help their children forget past events
  • Parents hinder their children's memory development

Which factor is suggested as possibly contributing to differences in memory recall between first-born and later-born children?

<p>Cultural emphasis on verbal recounts of personal experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the absence of verbal recall in the test involving the shrinking machine suggest?

<p>Children only recalled events that had language cues during encoding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where infants forget faster in infancy than later in life?

<p>Childhood Amnesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of infants' memory representations as assessed by behavioural techniques?

<p>They are highly specific (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a deferred imitation task, what happens when an infant is shown a target task with one object (e.g., a cow) and then later given a different object (e.g., a duck) to perform the same task?

<p>The infant struggles to imitate due to the change in specific traits and details (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor contributing to age-related changes in retention in infants?

<p>Additional cues available in the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is language development considered significant in aiding memory retention for infants?

<p>It provides additional cues and helps in verbally rehearsing memories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is identified as important for long-term information storing in infants?

<p>Medial temporal lobe -&gt; hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does brain development contribute to memory formation according to the text?

<p>Multiple brain areas are involved in encoding, storing, and retrieving memories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are involved in visual recognition memory according to the text?

<p>Rhinal cortices and hippocampal formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might early episodes not be remembered according to the text?

<p>Visual pathways used to create them no longer exist in adulthood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structures are anatomically more mature at birth than previously thought?

<p>Hippocampal structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do studies suggest about the maturation of inferior temporal cortical areas?

<p>They reach adult-like maturity at 12 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research in monkeys, what might age-related changes in memory across infancy reflect?

<p>Slow maturation of cortical areas rather than hippocampal changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is retention in experimental studies noted as being short according to the text?

<p>Visual pathways not effectively utilized during retention tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be ruled out as a behavioural limitation before calling it a cognitive limitation?

<p>Memory evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which preference sequence might infants show over a period of 1 month after habituation?

<p>Novelty preference -&gt; familiarity preference -&gt; null preference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the 5 month olds show up to 15 months later in the still face experiment?

<p>Memory evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for the face to be recognized as the mother's in infants?

<p>Voice must be presented with the face (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor may predict how or if memory is expressed in infants?

<p>Emotional salience of stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be used when assessing memory in infants according to the text?

<p>Age-appropriate behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is memory assessed in infants?

<p>Through a visual paired comparison task (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which task involves familiarizing infants with a stimulus and then testing their preference for novel stimuli?

<p>Visual paired comparison task (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves judging whether a stimulus or event has been experienced before?

<p>Recognition memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are older infants able to remember events for longer periods according to the text?

<p>Older infants remember for longer periods than younger infants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the text mention about memory retention in infants related to gestation period?

<p>Infants with longer gestation periods exhibit greater memory retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of deferred imitation in studying infant memory?

<p>To evaluate recall memory by testing infants' ability to reproduce actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do older infants differ from younger infants regarding recalling two-step events?

<p>Younger infants can recall the sequence but not the actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between assessing adult and infant memory according to the text?

<p>Adults rely more on recall memory, while infants rely more on recognition memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the text suggest that multiple measures help in studying infant memory?

<p>They allow for identifying developmental changes at a general level. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion does the text highlight about infant memories compared to adult memories?

<p>Infant memories are impoverished compared to adult memories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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