High-Throughput Computing Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of high-throughput computing (HTC)?

  • Increasing the number of supercomputer users
  • Maximizing the number of tasks completed per unit of time (correct)
  • Improving energy consumption in supercomputers
  • Enhancing floating-point operations

    • What measurement is used to assess the world's most powerful computer systems?

  • Memory capacity in terabytes
  • Energy efficiency in watts
  • Floating-point speed in Linpack benchmark results (correct)
  • Processing power in gigahertz

    • What drives the improvement in high-end computing systems toward a market-oriented approach?

  • Predictions about future technological trends
  • Demand from scientific and engineering communities (correct)
  • Government funding for research
  • Development of centralized computing models

    • Which paradigm has emerged as a response to the maturity of technologies like RFID and GPS?

    <p>The Internet of Things (IoT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of distributed computing?

    <p>It is the opposite of centralized computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of HTC technology must be improved alongside processing speed?

    <p>Cost, energy savings, security, and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which computing paradigm overlaps significantly with both distributed and centralized computing?

    <p>Cloud Computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes centralized computing from distributed computing?

    <p>Location of data storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by scalable performance in clustering?

    <p>Scaling resources can improve performance proportionally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the concept of Single-System Image (SSI)?

    <p>A cluster system should operate as a single entity or system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge regarding internode communication in clusters?

    <p>Greater interconnect network latency due to longer wire lengths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can clusters achieve fault tolerance?

    <p>Through redundancy that allows operation despite failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue related to longer wire lengths in clusters affects communication?

    <p>Problems like clock skew and cross talking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of heartbeat mechanisms in clusters?

    <p>To monitor the running condition of cluster nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a fundamental design issue in clustering?

    <p>Rapid Job Completion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true about clusters that use commodity networks?

    <p>They may experience overhead due to secure communication protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of virtualization technology?

    <p>To enhance resource sharing and improve performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hypervisor play in virtualization?

    <p>It acts as a layer between the host and guest operating systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does rollback recovery protect against node failures?

    <p>By restoring computing results through periodic check pointing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit does virtual memory provide to computer users?

    <p>Access to expanded memory space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a resource that can be virtualized?

    <p>Hardware architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the concept of virtual machines first become prominent?

    <p>1960s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the layers involved in virtualization?

    <p>Both hardware and software resources can be virtualized across various layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major shift in technology was virtualization noted for in a 2009 Gartner Report?

    <p>Being the top strategic technology impacting the computer industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the VM provisioning process?

    <p>Select a server from a pool of available servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes live migration of virtual machines?

    <p>It involves migrating the virtual machine while it is powered on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does P2V stand for in the context of virtualization?

    <p>Physical to Virtual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT typically included in the server's configuration during provisioning?

    <p>Security policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a virtual machine is created in a virtual environment, what can be generated from it?

    <p>A VM template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is one way to provision virtual machines?

    <p>Cloning an existing VM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool can be used for the Physical to Virtual process?

    <p>virt-p2v</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the characteristics of IaaS clouds regarding VM management?

    <p>They depend on efficient VM management tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of IaaS cloud providers regarding resource management?

    <p>They use virtualization technologies to lease resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the pay-as-you-go model used by IaaS providers?

    <p>Charging by the hour based on resource consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Haizea lease manager play in OpenNebula's VM lifecycle?

    <p>It supports complex scheduling policies for resource allocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the resource preparation stage in OpenNebula, what is contextualization?

    <p>The specialization of disk images for a specific environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically touted as a characteristic of IaaS providers regarding resource capacity?

    <p>Infinite capacity or unlimited elasticity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of private and hybrid clouds, what distinguishes them from public IaaS clouds?

    <p>They focus on internal users of an organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the first steps in the lifecycle of a VM within OpenNebula?

    <p>Resource Selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial action performed during VM contextualization?

    <p>Specializing the disk image to fit the operating environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    High-Throughput Computing (HTC)

    • Focuses on maximizing the amount of data processed in a given time frame.
    • LINPACK is a benchmark used to measure the computational speed of supercomputers.
    • Driven by a market-oriented approach, focusing on applications like financial modeling and drug discovery.

    Computing Paradigms & Principles

    • Context-Aware Computing emerged as a response to advancements in technologies like RFID and GPS.
    • Distributed Computing allows tasks to be divided and processed across multiple computers.
    • Scalability is crucial alongside processing speed.
    • Cluster Computing overlaps with both distributed and centralized computing.
    • Centralized Computing relies on a single, powerful machine, while Distributed Computing utilizes multiple interconnected machines.
    • Scalable performance in a cluster refers to its ability to handle increasing workloads without significant performance degradation.
    • Single-System Image (SSI) presents a unified view of the cluster to users, concealing the underlying complexity.
    • Internode communication poses a challenge due to potential latency and bandwidth limitations.

    Clusters: Design and Management

    • Clusters achieve fault tolerance through redundancy, allowing for the continuation of operations even if some nodes fail.
    • Longer wire lengths in clusters can introduce communication delays.
    • Heartbeat mechanisms monitor the status of nodes within a cluster, ensuring their health and responsiveness.
    • Network topology presents a fundamental design issue in clustering, impacting communication patterns.
    • Clusters using commodity networks leverage standard, readily available networking components.

    Virtualization

    • Virtualization technology allows multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single physical machine.
    • Hypervisor serves as a layer that manages the interaction between virtual machines and the physical hardware.
    • Rollback recovery safeguards against node failures by maintaining checkpoints of VMs and restoring them upon failure.
    • Virtual memory provides a larger address space for applications, improving efficiency and performance.
    • Virtualization can extend to various resources like CPU, memory, storage, and networking.
    • The concept of virtual machines gained prominence in the 1960s.
    • Virtualization involves layered architecture encompassing hypervisor, virtual machines, and guest operating systems.
    • Gartner Report (2009) highlighted virtualization's shift from a niche technology to a mainstream solution.

    VM Provisioning and Cloud Computing

    • VM provisioning starts with selecting a desired template or image.
    • Live migration allows for seamless movement of VMs between physical hosts without disrupting operations.
    • Physical to Virtual (P2V) refers to the conversion of physical servers into virtual machines.
    • Virtual machine configuration during provisioning may not include the operating system (OS).
    • A virtual machine can be used to generate other virtual machines.
    • Template-based provisioning is one way to provision virtual machines.
    • Physical to Virtual (P2V) process can be facilitated using tools like VMware vCenter Converter.
    • IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) clouds allow users to manage VMs with flexibility.
    • IaaS cloud providers manage and provision resources dynamically, adapting to demand.
    • Pay-as-you-go model enables users to pay only for the resources they consume.

    OpenNebula and VM Lifecycle

    • Haizea Lease Manager in OpenNebula oversees VM leasing and resource allocation.
    • Contextualization during resource preparation defines how VMs interact with the underlying infrastructure.
    • IaaS cloud providers are often characterized by their scalability and capacity.
    • Private and hybrid clouds are distinguished by their distinct ownership and infrastructure.
    • The VM lifecycle in OpenNebula involves creating, starting, monitoring, shutting down, and deleting VMs.
    • VM contextualization involves configuring networking, storage, and other resources to meet specific requirements.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the shift from high-performance computing (HPC) to high-throughput computing (HTC). It examines various computing paradigms, including centralized, parallel, distributed, and cloud computing, highlighting their applications and significance in modern computing environments.

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