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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of high-throughput computing (HTC)?
What measurement is used to assess the world's most powerful computer systems?
What drives the improvement in high-end computing systems toward a market-oriented approach?
Which paradigm has emerged as a response to the maturity of technologies like RFID and GPS?
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What is a characteristic of distributed computing?
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What aspect of HTC technology must be improved alongside processing speed?
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Which computing paradigm overlaps significantly with both distributed and centralized computing?
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What primarily distinguishes centralized computing from distributed computing?
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What is meant by scalable performance in clustering?
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Which statement accurately describes the concept of Single-System Image (SSI)?
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What is a major challenge regarding internode communication in clusters?
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How can clusters achieve fault tolerance?
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What issue related to longer wire lengths in clusters affects communication?
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What is the role of heartbeat mechanisms in clusters?
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Which of the following is NOT a fundamental design issue in clustering?
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Which characteristic is true about clusters that use commodity networks?
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What is the primary purpose of virtualization technology?
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What role does the hypervisor play in virtualization?
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How does rollback recovery protect against node failures?
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What benefit does virtual memory provide to computer users?
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Which of the following is NOT a resource that can be virtualized?
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When did the concept of virtual machines first become prominent?
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Which statement best describes the layers involved in virtualization?
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What major shift in technology was virtualization noted for in a 2009 Gartner Report?
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What is the first step in the VM provisioning process?
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Which statement best describes live migration of virtual machines?
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What does P2V stand for in the context of virtualization?
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Which component is NOT typically included in the server's configuration during provisioning?
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After a virtual machine is created in a virtual environment, what can be generated from it?
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Which of the following is one way to provision virtual machines?
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Which tool can be used for the Physical to Virtual process?
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What is one of the characteristics of IaaS clouds regarding VM management?
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What is a key characteristic of IaaS cloud providers regarding resource management?
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Which of the following best describes the pay-as-you-go model used by IaaS providers?
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What role does the Haizea lease manager play in OpenNebula's VM lifecycle?
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During the resource preparation stage in OpenNebula, what is contextualization?
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What is typically touted as a characteristic of IaaS providers regarding resource capacity?
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In the context of private and hybrid clouds, what distinguishes them from public IaaS clouds?
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What is one of the first steps in the lifecycle of a VM within OpenNebula?
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What is a crucial action performed during VM contextualization?
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Study Notes
High-Throughput Computing (HTC)
- Focuses on maximizing the amount of data processed in a given time frame.
- LINPACK is a benchmark used to measure the computational speed of supercomputers.
- Driven by a market-oriented approach, focusing on applications like financial modeling and drug discovery.
Computing Paradigms & Principles
- Context-Aware Computing emerged as a response to advancements in technologies like RFID and GPS.
- Distributed Computing allows tasks to be divided and processed across multiple computers.
- Scalability is crucial alongside processing speed.
- Cluster Computing overlaps with both distributed and centralized computing.
- Centralized Computing relies on a single, powerful machine, while Distributed Computing utilizes multiple interconnected machines.
- Scalable performance in a cluster refers to its ability to handle increasing workloads without significant performance degradation.
- Single-System Image (SSI) presents a unified view of the cluster to users, concealing the underlying complexity.
- Internode communication poses a challenge due to potential latency and bandwidth limitations.
Clusters: Design and Management
- Clusters achieve fault tolerance through redundancy, allowing for the continuation of operations even if some nodes fail.
- Longer wire lengths in clusters can introduce communication delays.
- Heartbeat mechanisms monitor the status of nodes within a cluster, ensuring their health and responsiveness.
- Network topology presents a fundamental design issue in clustering, impacting communication patterns.
- Clusters using commodity networks leverage standard, readily available networking components.
Virtualization
- Virtualization technology allows multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single physical machine.
- Hypervisor serves as a layer that manages the interaction between virtual machines and the physical hardware.
- Rollback recovery safeguards against node failures by maintaining checkpoints of VMs and restoring them upon failure.
- Virtual memory provides a larger address space for applications, improving efficiency and performance.
- Virtualization can extend to various resources like CPU, memory, storage, and networking.
- The concept of virtual machines gained prominence in the 1960s.
- Virtualization involves layered architecture encompassing hypervisor, virtual machines, and guest operating systems.
- Gartner Report (2009) highlighted virtualization's shift from a niche technology to a mainstream solution.
VM Provisioning and Cloud Computing
- VM provisioning starts with selecting a desired template or image.
- Live migration allows for seamless movement of VMs between physical hosts without disrupting operations.
- Physical to Virtual (P2V) refers to the conversion of physical servers into virtual machines.
- Virtual machine configuration during provisioning may not include the operating system (OS).
- A virtual machine can be used to generate other virtual machines.
- Template-based provisioning is one way to provision virtual machines.
- Physical to Virtual (P2V) process can be facilitated using tools like VMware vCenter Converter.
- IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) clouds allow users to manage VMs with flexibility.
- IaaS cloud providers manage and provision resources dynamically, adapting to demand.
- Pay-as-you-go model enables users to pay only for the resources they consume.
OpenNebula and VM Lifecycle
- Haizea Lease Manager in OpenNebula oversees VM leasing and resource allocation.
- Contextualization during resource preparation defines how VMs interact with the underlying infrastructure.
- IaaS cloud providers are often characterized by their scalability and capacity.
- Private and hybrid clouds are distinguished by their distinct ownership and infrastructure.
- The VM lifecycle in OpenNebula involves creating, starting, monitoring, shutting down, and deleting VMs.
- VM contextualization involves configuring networking, storage, and other resources to meet specific requirements.
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Description
This quiz explores the shift from high-performance computing (HPC) to high-throughput computing (HTC). It examines various computing paradigms, including centralized, parallel, distributed, and cloud computing, highlighting their applications and significance in modern computing environments.