High Speed Network

High-Speed Networks

• High-speed networks enable fast data transfer, improved application performance, and increased network efficiency.
• Types of high-speed LAN technologies:
  • Ethernet: reliable, widely used, and supports speeds up to 10 Gbps.
  • Fiber Optics: faster, with speeds up to 100 Gbps or more, and ideal for handling large amounts of data over long distances.
  • Wireless LANs (WLANs): convenient, with speeds up to 9.6 Gbps, and suitable for internet access.

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

• A telecommunication standard for digital transformation of multiple types of traffic.
• Creates a fixed route between two points before data transfer begins.
• Independent of transmission medium, with data transmitted in fixed-size units called cells (53 bytes long, with 5 bytes header and 48 bytes payload).
• Two format types: UNI Header (used within private networks) and NNI Header (used for communication between ATM switches).

SNA (System Network Architecture)

• A data communication architecture developed by IBM in 1974.
• Enables communication between mainframe computers and peripheral devices.
• Relies heavily on IBM hardware and software, making it less compatible with other systems.
• Features:
  • Reliability: robust and reliable communication system.
  • Security: built-in security features protect data transmission.
  • Standardization: simplified communication between various IBM products.

DECnet (Digital Equipment Corporation Network)

• A set of networking hardware and software products developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).
• Makes use of the DIGITAL Networking Architecture (DNA).
• Supports DECnet routing over various protocols, including Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI.
• Has gone through several phases, incorporating new features and improving performance.

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

• A network standard that uses fiber optic connections in a local area network (LAN).
• Supports thousands of users and can extend up to 200 kilometers.
• Features:
  • Operates over long distances up to 200 kilometers.
  • Can guarantee timings.
  • Has high data rates of 100 Mbps.
• Disadvantages:
  • Older protocol.
  • Expensive equipment.

SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)

• A standardized protocol for transmitting large data volumes over optical fiber.
• Ensures accurate and efficient data transmission across the network.
• Features:
  • Transmits data over long distances.
  • Has low electromagnetic interference.
  • Supports high data rates.
  • Has large bandwidth.

100BASE-T

• A fast Ethernet networking technology that transfers data at 100 Mbps.
• Uses Category 5 (Cat5) or greater cabling to operate over twisted pair connections.
• Advantages:
  • Higher speed: faster than 10 Mbps Ethernet.
  • Cost-effective: less expensive than Gigabit Ethernet.
  • Compatibility: compatible with current Ethernet infrastructure.
  • Reliability: more resistant to electromagnetic interference.

Multimedia Applications

• Multimedia combines text, graphics, audio, and video to present information in an interactive manner.
• Key elements:
  • Text: alphanumeric characters, fonts, and background colors.
  • Audio: digital audio, with file types including MP3, WAV, and WMA.
  • Graphics: images, illustrations, and pictures, with file types including JPG, PNG, and TIF.
  • Video: moving pictures, with file types including AVI, WMV, and FLV.
  • Animation: 2D and 3D animations, with file types including GIF and FLV.
• Standalone multimedia applications:
  • Presentation software (e.g., Microsoft PowerPoint, Keynote).
  • Photo editing software (e.g., Adobe Photoshop, GIMP).
  • Video editing software (e.g., Adobe Premiere Pro, KineMaster).
  • Animation software (e.g., Adobe Animate, Blender).
• Single-user networked applications:
  • Online gaming platforms (e.g., Steam, Xbox Live, PlayStation Network).
  • Virtual reality environments (e.g., Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, PlayStation VR).
  • Multimedia-rich educational platforms (e.g., Khan Academy, Coursera).
  • Cloud-based multimedia storage and editing platforms (e.g., Google Drive, Adobe Creative Cloud).### Multimedia Networking
• Multimedia networking applications redefine how we experience multimedia, providing personalized, interactive, and collaborative experiences across various platforms.
• Advanced technologies and protocols enable seamless communication and content delivery, promising boundless opportunities for innovation and connectivity in the digital age.

Audio Conferencing

• Audio conferencing is a communication method that allows multiple participants in different locations to hold a live conversation via audio links.
• It is essential for modern organizations, enhancing communication by enabling clear, direct conversations among team members, clients, and stakeholders regardless of location.
• Features of audio conferencing include multi-participant capability, high audio quality, call recording, ease of use, mute and unmute, accessibility, noise cancellation, and efficient collaboration.

Video Conferencing

• Video conferencing allows people to conduct face-to-face meetings over the internet, regardless of their physical location.
• It breaks down geographical barriers, enables teams to collaborate seamlessly, reduces travel costs and time associated with traditional meetings, and enables seamless communication across various sectors.
• Features of video conferencing include high-quality video and audio transmission, customization options, ease of use, screen sharing, chat functionality, recording capabilities, participant management tools, and security and privacy measures.

Protocols

• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) prioritizes speed for real-time applications like video conferencing.
• RTMP (Real-Time Messaging Protocol) is used for real-time streaming of audio, video, and data.
• HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) adapts video quality to varying network conditions for smooth playback.

Multimedia Streaming

• Types of streaming include non-real-time multimedia applications, such as VOD (Video on Demand), podcasting, photo and video processing software, and e-learning platforms.
• Streaming works by dividing the video into small chunks, transmitting them over the internet, and reassembling them at the receiver's end.
• Challenges in streaming include network congestion, packet loss, and latency.

Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)

• RTP is a network protocol used for delivering audio and video over IP networks.
• It is widely used in communication and entertainment systems that involve streaming media, such as telephony, video teleconference applications, and web-based push-to-talk features.
• Components of RTP include packetization, sequencing, timestamping, payload type identification, quality of service monitoring, source identification, and support for multicast and extensibility.

Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (SMDS)

• SMDS is a high-speed, reliable, and scalable network solution for large organizations.
• Key features of SMDS include efficiency, flexibility, and scalability.
• Applications of SMDS include corporate WANs, internet service providers, and educational institutions.
• Despite its advantages, SMDS has been largely replaced by more modern technologies.

H.320

• H.320 is an umbrella recommendation by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the standardization of multimedia communication services over ISDN and other switched digital circuits.
• Key features of H.320 include video compression, audio compression, multiplexing, control protocols, network error correction, and support for telemedicine, distance learning, and corporate communications.

X.400

• X.400 is a suite of standards specified by the ITU-T for electronic messaging (email) systems.
• Key features of X.400 include message handling system (MHS), addressing, message format, interoperability, and security.
• Applications of X.400 include enterprise email, government communications, and military and defense communications.

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)

• MIME is a standard for formatting non-text messages, allowing email systems to exchange multimedia content.
• Key components of MIME include content type, content transfer encoding, and content disposition.
• MIME enables the inclusion of a wide range of content types and enhances the functionality and versatility of emails.

T.120

• T.120 is a set of ITU-T recommendations that define protocols and services for real-time, multipoint data communication and conferencing.
• Key features of T.120 include multimedia integration, real-time data sharing, scalability, and interoperability.
• Applications of T.120 include collaborative work, remote support, distance learning, and telemedicine.