High School Biology: Cell Theory Basics

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Questions and Answers

Where was the term 'cell' coined from?

box-like structure in cork tissue (correct)

animal tissue

plant tissue

sperm specimen

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main parts of a cell?

cytoplasm

cell membrane

cell wall (correct)

nucleus

What is the common shape of an animal cell?

round

no fixed shape (correct)

square

rectangular

Where are the organelles of a cell predominantly located?

cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What organelle is often referred to as the 'control center' of the cell?

nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell?

cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to use the term 'cell' to describe microscopic structures?

Robert Hooke Signup and view all the answers

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek observe around 1675?

sperm cells and red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary unit that makes up living organisms?

Cells Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did scientists make regarding cells?

They identified the postulates of the cell theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tools is commonly used to study small structures like cells?

Electron microscope Signup and view all the answers

What are the major components that provide structure to a plant cell?

Cell wall and chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is NOT typically recognized for their work in cell theory?

Louis Pasteur Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a postulate of the cell theory?

Cells can exist independently in nature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

To store and manage genetic information Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for energy production in the cell?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed that all living things are made up of cells?

Theodore Schwann Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental unit of life according to the cell theory?

Cell Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main parts of a cell?

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is one major function of the cell membrane?

Separates the cell's contents from its environment Signup and view all the answers

Before the formulation of the cell theory, which observation did Rudolf Virchow make?

All living cells come from preexisting cells Signup and view all the answers

What does the cytoplasm consist of?

A jelly-like substance called cytosol plus organelles Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with concluding that all animals are composed of cells?

Theodore Schwann Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the cell membrane is composed of phospholipids?

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Modification and packaging of macromolecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT found in the cytoplasm?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cell is known as the control center?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules do lysosomes primarily break down?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for energy production through the breakdown of sugar molecules?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of peroxisomes in the cell?

Detoxification and breakdown of fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

How is the endoplasmic reticulum related to the nuclear envelope?

It is structurally continuous with the nuclear envelope Signup and view all the answers

Where are enzymes that oxidize certain molecules to form hydrogen peroxide found?

Peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the cell volume can vacuoles occupy in plants?

95% Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of centrioles in the centrosome?

Formation of spindle fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plastid is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?

Chloroplast Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vacuoles in plants?

Intracellular digestion Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules are primarily found in vacuoles of plants for protection against herbivores?

Toxic molecules Signup and view all the answers

What structure provides the cytoskeleton with structural support and shape to the cell?

Interconnected protein filaments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of leucoplasts in plant cells?

Storage of food Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Foreword

Self-learning kits are designed for Senior High School biology students.
Cell theory is fundamental before progressing to other biology topics.
Introduces significant scientists in cellular discovery and development of cell theory.

Objectives

Explain postulates of cell theory and the function of organelles.
Create a model of either a plant or animal cell.
Appreciate the significance of cells and organelles in maintaining a healthful diet.

Cell Theory Essentials

Theory defines the cell as the basic unit of life.
Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell; multicellular organisms consist of many cells.
Sperm and egg cells initiate the life of multicellular organisms.
Historical studies span 300 years, leading to the formulation of cell theory:
- All living things are made of cells.
- The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
- Cells arise from preexisting cells.

Key Scientists in Cell Discovery

Hans and Zacharias Jansen: Invented the first simple microscope in 1590.
Robert Hooke: Coined the term "cell" from cork tissue observations in 1667.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Observed various microscopic organisms in 1675.
Matthias Schleiden: Established that all plants are made up of cells in 1838.
Theodore Schwann: Concluded that all animals are made of cells in 1839.
Rudolf Virchow: Discovered cells come from preexisting cells in 1855.

Cell Structure and Functions

All cells contain three main components:
- Cell membrane: Phospholipid bilayer that regulates material passage and communication.
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance where organelles function; site for metabolic reactions.
- Nucleus: Control center that houses DNA and regulates the cell's activities.

Organelles and Their Functions

Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; converts sugar to ATP.
Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis, receiving mRNA instructions from the nucleus.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network for transporting lipids and proteins.
- Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages macromolecules for transport or secretion.
Lysosomes: Digestive organelles that break down complex molecules and recycle cell components.
Peroxisomes: Contain enzymes for lipid metabolism and detoxification.
Vacuoles: Storage sacs; in plants, can occupy 95% of cell volume, aiding in turgor and digestion.
Centrosome: Contains centrioles important for cell division.
Cytoskeleton: Network of protein filaments providing structural support.
Plastids (found only in plant cells):
- Chloroplasts: Sites of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll.
- Chromoplasts: Store pigments other than green.
- Leucoplasts: Store food.

Interesting Facts about Cells

An average adult human has approximately 30 trillion cells.
New cells are continuously replicated from old cells every day.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental principles of cell theory essential for Senior High School biology students. Learn about the key postulates of cell theory, the role of organelles, and the historical contributions of significant scientists in cellular biology. Understanding these concepts is crucial for advancing in the study of biological sciences.