High-Incidence Disabilities Overview

High-Incidence Disabilities

• High-incidence disabilities include speech or language impairments, learning disabilities, emotional disturbances, and mild intellectual disabilities.

Learning Disabilities

• Characterized by significant difficulties in listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, and math skills.
• Not caused by sensory or motor disorders, environmental factors, or emotional disturbances.

Emotional Disturbance

• Behavioral responses that deviate significantly from age, cultural, or ethnic norms, adversely affecting academic performance.

Speech Impairment

• Oral communication that deviates from the norm, hindering effective communication within educational settings.

Language Impairment

• Involves lack of development or impairment in spoken, written, or symbolic communication.

Speech Articulation Problem

• Inability to produce sounds correctly relative to developmental milestones.

Stuttering

• A specific type of speech impairment characterized by disruptions in the flow of speech.

Receptive Language

• The ability to understand what others are conveying verbally.

Expressive Language

• The capacity to communicate effectively so others can understand.

Modeling

• Instructional technique where educators demonstrate language use and problem-solving as part of normal communication practices.

Video Self-Modeling

• Involves students observing themselves successfully completing tasks across various school environments.

Mild Intellectual Disabilities

• Condition identified by challenges in academic performance stemming from below-average intellectual functioning.

Decoding Problems

• Difficulty in accurately and fluently identifying words, impacting reading skills.

Dyslexia

• Also referred to as "developmental word blindness," affecting reading abilities.

Phonics

• Systematic instructional program that teaches the relationship between letters and sounds.

Automaticity

• The ability to read with accuracy and fluency.

Spatial Organization

• Skill necessary to align mathematical numbers correctly or recognize math features based on spatial arrangement.

Lack of Alertness to Visual Detail

• Results in errors such as misreading mathematical signs or neglecting decimal placement.

Procedural Errors

• Involves skipping essential steps during problem-solving.

Problems with Mathematical Language

• Challenges in understanding the significance of various mathematical terms.

Reasoning Skills

• Encompasses comprehension, generalization, induction, sequencing, and applying prior knowledge.

Fine Motor Impairment

• Refers to difficulties in performing manual tasks or in handwriting.

Passive Learner

• Lacks belief in personal skills and strategies for problem-solving.

Academic Survival Skills

• Essential competencies include regular class attendance, timely completion of assignments, and independent learning.

Interpersonal Skills

• Ability to collaborate effectively with peers and communicate proficiently.

Learned Helplessness

• A state where low self-esteem fosters passive learning behaviors and anticipates failure.

Behavior Contract

• Agreement that outlines rewards and consequences linked to student behavior.

Social Skills Training

• Intervention for students with limited interpersonal skills, enhancing their ability to interact positively with others.

Self-Control Training

• Strategies aimed at helping individuals regulate their own disruptive behaviors.

Attribution Retraining

• Intervention designed for students exhibiting learned helplessness, aiming to change their perspective on ability and effort.