Questions and Answers
What is the primary use of +12V output voltage?
-5V output is commonly used in modern systems.
False
What does the zero-volt ground refer to?
Common or earth
The _____ is a 4-pin power connector that supplies power to the processor.
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Match the following output voltages with their typical use:
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Which color wire corresponds to the +5V standby voltage?
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The ATX 20-pin connector can be split into a 20-pin connector and a 4-pin connector.
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What color wire indicates a ground connection in a PSU?
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In older types of serial port amplifier circuits, the output voltage used is _____
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What type of power connector is used for IDE disk drives and CD-ROM/DVD drives?
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Floppy disk drives are powered by a Mini-Molex connector.
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What is the primary purpose of a SATA connector?
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The _____ memory is lost when the computer power is off.
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Match the following connectors to their primary usage:
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Which of the following is NOT considered a secondary storage device?
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Non-volatile memory is lost when power is removed from the computer.
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Name one example of an input device.
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An example of an output device is a _____
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What is the main difference between volatile and non-volatile memory?
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What is the main function of a Power Supply Unit (PSU)?
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The motherboard is often referred to as the brain of the computer.
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What type of memory is RAM classified as?
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A ________ is used to store data permanently and is typically nonvolatile.
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What does the 'CS' setting indicate in hard disk drives?
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Match the following memory/storage types with their characteristics:
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The data bus is responsible for transferring information about where data should go in memory.
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What is the primary function of the processor (CPU)?
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What is the function of a PC Card slide in a computer?
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A wider bus, such as a __________ bus, can transfer more data at a time.
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Flash memory cards and USB drives are examples of volatile memory.
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Match the following types of buses with their descriptions:
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What does HDD stand for?
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The system unit has two types of memory: ________ and nonvolatile.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding CMOS?
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Which component connects the CPU, PCI slot, and RAM together?
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The CMOS Battery keeps the real-time clock running even when the computer is powered off.
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What is the purpose of PCI Express x16 slots?
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The ______ connects old HDDs and optical drives for data transfer.
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Match the following connectors to their descriptions:
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Which slot is specifically designed for modern expansion cards?
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The back panel connector is used solely for internal device connections.
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What does the Southbridge component allow the CPU to connect with?
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The ______ slot is used for older expansion cards like sound cards and network cards.
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What is the function of the ATX Power Connector?
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Study Notes
Power Supply Unit (PSU) and Outputs
- High-frequency transformers enable lighter and cheaper DC output.
- Feedback controllers maintain stable output voltage and current, adjusting power based on load with voltage pulse modulation.
- Standard output voltages include -12V, -5V, 0V, +3.3V, +5V, and +12V.
- -12V: Primarily for older serial port amplifier circuits; limited to 1A.
- -5V: Used in early PCs for floppy disk controllers; not common in newer systems, limited to 1A.
- 0V: Ground reference point for voltage systems.
- +3.3V: Powers processors, some memory types, AGP video cards, and digital circuits.
- +5V: Supplies power to motherboards; includes standby voltage for powering system when off.
- +12V: Powers devices with motors, such as disk drives and cooling fans.
Common PSU Connectors
- P1: ATX 20-pin/24-pin connector for motherboard power; splits into 20-pin and 4-pin in some PSU.
- Color coding for P1 connector pins:
- Blue = -12V
- White = -5V
- Black = Ground
- Orange = +3.3V
- Red = +5V
- Yellow = +12V
- Purple = +5V standby
- Green = DC on
- Brown = Sense
- ATX 12V (P4): 4-pin connector supplementing P1 for processor power.
- MOLEX: 4-pin peripheral connector for IDE drives.
- BERG (Mini-MOLEX): 4-pin floppy drive power connector, also for AGP video cards.
- SATA: 15-pin connector for SATA hard drives.
- PCI Express: 6-pin or 8-pin connectors for PCI Express graphic cards.
Basic Hardware Components of a Computer System
- Components: CPU, primary storage, secondary storage, input/output devices, communication devices.
- Primary Storage (Memory): Temporary data and program storage; includes volatile (RAM) and non-volatile (ROM, flash memory).
- Secondary Storage: Permanent data storage outside of the computer, e.g., HDD, USB drives, CDs, DVDs.
- Input Devices: Hardware that inputs data into the computer, e.g., keyboard, mouse, scanner.
- Output Devices: Provides processed information, e.g., printer, monitor, speakers.
- Communication Devices: Enable data exchange over networks, using various transmission media.
Parts of a Motherboard
- Back Panel Connectors and Ports: Connects to external devices (USB, audio, display).
- Expansion Slots: For older (PCI) and modern (PCI Express) expansion cards.
- Northbridge: Connects CPU, PCI slot, and RAM (MCH memory controller hub).
- CPU Socket: Houses the processor.
- Power Connectors: Include ATX 12V and main ATX connectors; provide power to motherboard components.
- Storage Connectors: IDE for older drives, SATA for newer drives.
- Fan Headers: Support system cooling.
Memory and Storage Sizes
- Memory types include volatile (e.g., RAM) and non-volatile (ROM, flash memory).
- Memory Size Units:
- 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
- 1 MB = 1024 KB
- 1 GB = 1024 MB
- 1 TB = 1024 GB
- ROM: Permanent storage; typically non-volatile.
- Firmware: Non-volatile memory, read-only.
- Flash Memory: Non-volatile; retains data without power.
- CMOS: Battery-powered to retain data when off.
Master/Slave Jumper Settings
- Master: Primary drive on the cable.
- Slave: Secondary drive on the same cable.
- Cable Select: Automatically sets drives based on physical position.
- Limit Capacity: For drives exceeding computer handling capacity.
Buses and Communication
- Buses facilitate communication between computer components.
- Data Bus: Transfers actual data.
- Address Bus: Carries memory location information for data transfer.
- Bus Width: Wider buses (e.g., 64-bit) improve data transfer speed.
- Clock Speed: Higher MHz indicates faster data transmission.
- System Bus: Connects CPU to main memory.
- Expansion Bus: Enables communication with peripheral devices.
Common Expansion Buses
- ISA Bus: Older, slower bus for devices like mice and modems.
- PCI Bus: Faster, used for video and sound cards.
- PCI Express (PCIe) Bus: Modern, fast bus for graphics cards and hard disks.
- AGP Bus: Designed for high-speed 3D graphics cards.
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Description
This quiz explores the functioning of high-frequency transformers, focusing on their output voltages and the importance of feedback controllers for stability. It covers standard output voltages such as -12V, -5V, and others commonly used in various systems. Test your knowledge on the applications and specifications of these transformer outputs.
