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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason randomized controlled trials are considered effective for testing intervention effectiveness?
What is the primary reason randomized controlled trials are considered effective for testing intervention effectiveness?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of reviewing inclusion and exclusion criteria in a study?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of reviewing inclusion and exclusion criteria in a study?
In qualitative research, what does trustworthiness NOT include among its components?
In qualitative research, what does trustworthiness NOT include among its components?
What limitation may high-level evidence studies present when applied to occupational therapy practice?
What limitation may high-level evidence studies present when applied to occupational therapy practice?
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Which type of study is typically considered to have lower evidence than cohort studies?
Which type of study is typically considered to have lower evidence than cohort studies?
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Which of the following represents the highest level of evidence in research?
Which of the following represents the highest level of evidence in research?
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What does internal validity assess in a study?
What does internal validity assess in a study?
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Which of the following factors is least relevant to strengthening methodology in research?
Which of the following factors is least relevant to strengthening methodology in research?
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What does a high Cronbach’s Alpha indicate about a measurement tool?
What does a high Cronbach’s Alpha indicate about a measurement tool?
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Which statement about external validity is true?
Which statement about external validity is true?
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What is the main purpose of systematic reviews in evidence-based research?
What is the main purpose of systematic reviews in evidence-based research?
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What is indicated by effect size in a study?
What is indicated by effect size in a study?
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What best describes construct validity?
What best describes construct validity?
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Study Notes
Hierarchy of Evidence
- Highest level: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses combine findings from multiple studies, providing strong evidence.
- Lower levels:
- Randomized controlled trials (RCTs): High internal validity, random assignment.
- Cohort studies: Observational, following a group over time.
- Case-control studies: Observational, comparing groups with and without a condition.
- Expert opinion: Lowest level, based on individual expertise without research backing.
- Systematic reviews synthesize research findings, strengthening evidence.
Validity
- Construct validity: Measures if a study accurately captures the concept it intends to measure.
- Internal validity: Assesses if study outcomes are due to tested variables, not confounding factors. Randomized controlled trials have high internal validity due to random assignment and control.
- External validity: Determines the generalizability of study findings to a broader population. High external validity means findings apply beyond the study sample.
- High internal validity can exist with low external validity; meaning accurate results within the study setting but limited applicability elsewhere.
Reliability
- Reliability: Consistency of a measurement tool in obtaining similar results consistently.
- Assessment tool: Cronbach's alpha is a common statistical method for evaluating internal consistency and reliability.
Methodology in Research
- Factors in Methodology Strength: Important factors include sample size, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques; less relevant factors include theoretical framework.
- Effect Size: Indicates practical significance of findings, showing the magnitude of change or effect (in a study).
- Critiquing Validity: Review of inclusion and exclusion criteria ensures representing the population and controls for bias.
Types of Studies and Evidence for Interventions
- Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs): Most effective for testing intervention effectiveness due to high internal validity and control over variables.
- Cohort Studies: Observational design tracking groups over time to observe outcomes.
- Case-Control Studies: Observational comparison of groups with and without a specific outcome; generally lower levels of evidence than cohort studies.
Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research
- Trustworthiness involves credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.
- Transferability: Similar to external validity, assessing the extent to which qualitative findings apply to other settings.
Relevance and Application in Occupational Therapy
- Applicability to Practice: Relevance of study findings to occupational therapy practice determines value in professional settings.
- Limitations: High-level evidence may not always directly apply to occupational therapy practice, despite rigor.
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Description
This quiz covers the hierarchy of evidence, detailing various study types from systematic reviews to expert opinion. It also explores different aspects of validity, including construct, internal, and external validity. Test your understanding of these essential research concepts.
