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Questions and Answers
Which human herpes virus is associated with chickenpox during primary infection?
Which human herpes virus is associated with chickenpox during primary infection?
Which human herpes virus is associated with Kaposisarcoma and lymphomas?
Which human herpes virus is associated with Kaposisarcoma and lymphomas?
Which age group is most commonly affected by Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis?
Which age group is most commonly affected by Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis?
Which human herpes virus primarily infects the trigeminal ganglion?
Which human herpes virus primarily infects the trigeminal ganglion?
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Which human herpes virus is common in children and can cause roseola?
Which human herpes virus is common in children and can cause roseola?
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What is the primary causative agent of Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis?
What is the primary causative agent of Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis?
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Which oral mucosa types can be affected by herpes simplex virus infection?
Which oral mucosa types can be affected by herpes simplex virus infection?
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What are some of the factors that can predispose individuals to oral candidal infection?
What are some of the factors that can predispose individuals to oral candidal infection?
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Which clinical form of candidiasis is characterized by white cheese plaques that can be scraped off to reveal an erythematous base?
Which clinical form of candidiasis is characterized by white cheese plaques that can be scraped off to reveal an erythematous base?
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What is the most common Candida species associated with oral fungal infections?
What is the most common Candida species associated with oral fungal infections?
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In which age groups are individuals more susceptible to oral candidal infections?
In which age groups are individuals more susceptible to oral candidal infections?
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What is a common site for herpes simplex virus infection in the oral cavity?
What is a common site for herpes simplex virus infection in the oral cavity?
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Study Notes
Human Herpes Virus (HHV) Family
- HHV-1: Human Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) affects the upper half of the body
- HHV-2: Human Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) affects the lower half of the body
- HHV-3: Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) causes chickenpox in primary infection and shingles in recurrence
- HHV-4: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis in primary infection and lymphoma in reactivation
- HHV-5: Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- HHV-6/7: Roseolovirus, common in children
- HHV-8: causes Kaposisarcoma, lymphomas, and Castleman's disease
Primary Infection
- Occurs with initial exposure and no prior antibodies, often in young age
- Mostly asymptomatic, but can cause acute herpetic gingivostomatitis
- Virus travels from sensory nerves to sensory or autonomic ganglia, then to latency
- Most common site is the trigeminal ganglion
Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
- Causative agent: HSV-1 (90%)
- Age range: 6 months to 5 years, peaking at 2-3 years
- Symptoms: abrupt onset, cervical lymphadenopathy, chills, fever, nausea, anorexia, irritability, and sore mouth lesions
- Lesions progress from pinhead vesicles to small red lesions, then enlarge and develop central ulceration covered by yellow fibrin
- Affects keratinized and non-keratinized oral mucosa
- Gingiva is enlarged, painful, and erythematous
- Resolves in 5-7 days, or 2 weeks in severe cases
Recurrent (Secondary) Infection
- Reactivation of the virus, often in older age
- Triggered by ultraviolet light, physical or emotional stress, fatigue, heat, cold, pregnancy, allergy, trauma, dental treatment, respiratory illnesses, fever, menstruation, systemic diseases, and malignancy
- Affects the epithelium supplied by the sensory ganglion, causing pain, burning, itching, tingling, localized warmth, and erythema
- Common site: vermilion border and adjacent skin
Fungal Infection: Candidiasis
- Candida species are opportunistic pathogens and part of normal flora (40%), principally C. albicans
- Predisposing factors alter the homeostatic mechanisms, leading to infection
- Local factors: mucosal trauma, denture, poor hygiene, tobacco, and carbohydrate-rich diet
- Extremes of age: neonates/infants and old age
- Drugs: broad spectrum antibiotics, steroids, and other immunosuppressant/cytotoxic drugs
- Xerostomia: drugs, radiotherapy, Sjögren syndrome
- Systemic disease: iron deficiency, iron-deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias, acute leukemia, malignant disease, DM, HIV infection and AIDS, and other immunodeficiency states
- Three major clinical forms:
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- Pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush)
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- Erythematous candidiasis
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- Hyperplastic candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia)
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Description
Learn about different types of Human Herpes Virus (HHV) infections including HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, and others. Understand the primary infections and possible recurrences associated with each virus within the HHV family.
