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Heritability and DNA Methylation
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Heritability and DNA Methylation

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of histone acetyltransferase (HAT)?

  • Inhibits gene expression by removing acetyl groups from histones
  • Regulates methylation processes on DNA
  • Condenses chromatin structure leading to decreased gene expression
  • Promotes gene expression by adding acetyl groups to histones (correct)

    • How does histone deacetylase (HDAC) affect gene expression?

  • Add methyl groups to DNA facilitating gene expression
  • Promotes opening of the chromatin structure
  • Increases the accessibility of DNA for transcription
  • Removes acetyl groups from histones, leading to repression of gene expression (correct)

    • What effect does acetylation have on chromatin structure?

  • It opens chromatin structure, increasing accessibility for transcription (correct)
  • It prevents DNA replication from occurring
  • It blocks the binding of transcription factors to DNA
  • It causes chromatin to condense tightly, reducing accessibility

    • Which of the following is NOT a form of histone modification?

    <p>Glycosylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is methylation's role in gene expression?

    <p>It blocks the transcription of genes by condensing chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phrase best describes epigenetic changes?

    <p>Reversible modifications affecting gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of behavioral development, what does the term 'nurture' refer to?

    <p>Environmental factors and experiences shaping behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the coiling of DNA around proteins?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the 'Maze Bright' from 'Maze Dull' in behavioral studies?

    <p>Maze Bright refers to individuals that perform better in learning tasks compared to Maze Dull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Blood Brain Barrier?

    <p>To impede the passage of toxic substances into the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the structure of cerebral blood vessels in relation to the Blood Brain Barrier?

    <p>They are tightly packed to prevent unwanted substance passage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can still pass through the Blood Brain Barrier?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Blood Brain Barrier primarily protect against?

    <p>Harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the Blood Brain Barrier?

    <p>It selectively impedes the passage of toxins while allowing essential nutrients through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by the choroid plexus and enters the ventricles?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Blood Brain Barrier affect the delivery of medication to the brain?

    <p>It complicates the delivery of certain medications due to selective permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does glucose play in the context of the Blood Brain Barrier?

    <p>It is an essential nutrient that can pass through the barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA methylation in gene expression?

    <p>It can reduce gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for catalyzing DNA methylation?

    <p>Methyltransferases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does high grooming behavior in mothers have on DNA methylation?

    <p>It decreases DNA methylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of DNA is primarily affected by DNA methylation?

    <p>Promoter region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic outcome of high DNA methylation?

    <p>Reduced transcription of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can DNA methylation be inherited across generations?

    <p>Via epigenetic mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of chromatin is influenced by the behavior of mothers towards their offspring?

    <p>The tightness of its wrapping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biological role does the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) serve?

    <p>Acts as a stress hormone receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is histone remodeling?

    <p>Changing the shape of histones to regulate gene access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to gene expression when the methylation of a gene's promoter region is reduced?

    <p>Gene expression increases significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do methylated cytosine sites affect gene transcription?

    <p>They lead to transcription silencing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epigenetic mechanism is responsible for modifying the shape of histones?

    <p>Histone remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with DNA methylation?

    <p>The actual genetic sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be concluded about high levels of maternal grooming?

    <p>It decreases DNA methylation in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does epigenetics study?

    <p>Inherited characteristics influenced by environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can influence epigenetic changes?

    <p>Environmental signals and stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do epigenetic changes affect offspring produced by mothers?

    <p>They lead to changes in offspring behavior and stress levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes how epigenetics differs from genetics?

    <p>Epigenetics involves changes in gene expression without alterations to the DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best represents a potential consequence of epigenetic changes?

    <p>Altered behavior in offspring due to environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception might someone have about epigenetic changes?

    <p>Epigenetic changes signify permanent DNA mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phenomena does NOT involve DNA mutations?

    <p>Epigenetic modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of epigenetics is highlighted in relation to mammal maternal behavior?

    <p>Better maternal care can reduce stress in offspring through epigenetic mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is an example of an environmental influence on epigenetics?

    <p>Exposure to toxins affecting gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of the Peripheral Nervous System?

    <p>Efferent and Afferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for carrying sensory signals?

    <p>Afferent nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

    <p>12 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerves originate from the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Efferent nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system regulates the internal environment of the body?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of efferent nerves?

    <p>Interacts with external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic nervous system primarily functions to:

    <p>Conserve energy and promote maintenance activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Control skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves carry signals from the internal organs to the central nervous system?

    <p>Afferent nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Prepares the body for fight or flight responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the nervous system, what is the main role of afferent nerves?

    <p>Carry sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerve is primarily involved in voluntary movement?

    <p>Efferent nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the autonomic nervous system from the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Heritability of Traits

    • Heritable traits can be passed down across generations
    • DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism where a methyl group attaches to a DNA molecule at a cytosine site

    DNA Methylation

    • DNA methylation can occur at the promoter region
    • High methylation leads to reduced transcription, which can turn off gene expression
    • DNA methylation can be catalyzed by methyltransferases
    • Methylation can be passed down to offspring on the promoter region

    Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR)

    • The GR gene is associated with stress hormones
    • DNMTs (DNA methyltransferases) are enzymes that can influence GR methylation

    Mom's Grooming

    • Mom's grooming affects chromatin accessibility
    • High grooming leads to less methylation, allowing NGFIA to access the promoter region and de-methylate genes

    Histone Remodelling

    • Histone remodelling is another epigenetic mechanism
    • Histones are proteins that DNA is coiled around
    • Histones can change shape, influencing the structure of adjacent DNA
    • Histone remodelling can upregulate or downregulate gene expression

    Histones

    • Histones can be modified by phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation
    • These modifications can regulate chromatin structure
    • Histone deacetylase (HDAC) removes acetyl groups from histones, which can decrease gene expression
    • Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) adds acetyl groups to histones, promoting gene expression

    Acetyl Group

    • Acetyl groups cause chromatin to open, promoting gene expression

    Development of Behavioral Epigenetics

    • Epigenetics is the study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than alterations to the DNA sequence
    • Epigenetic changes can be influenced by environmental signals and stimuli
    • Epigenetic changes can influence gene expression in specific cells
    • Epigenetic changes do not involve changes to the DNA sequence itself

    "Maze Bright" and "Maze Dull" Rats

    • Moms who produce offspring with lower stress and anxiety levels also produce offspring with higher stress and anxiety levels in the next generation
    • This demonstrates how epigenetic changes can be passed down across generations

    Nervous System

    • The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
    • The central nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord.
    • The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
    • The peripheral nervous system is composed of all nerves outside the central nervous system.
    • The peripheral nervous system interacts with external and internal factors.
    • The peripheral nervous system has a central nervous system and an autonomic nervous system.

    Central Nervous System

    • The central nervous system is responsible for processing information and coordinating bodily functions.
    • The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The brain serves as the control center for the body coordinating many complex functions such as movement, thought, emotion, and behavior.
    • The spinal cord transmits messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body, which controls reflexes.

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system.
    • The peripheral nervous system is responsible for carrying information to and from the central nervous system.
    • The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
    • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and carries information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
    • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions, such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions, such as breathing and digestion.
    • It is made up of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
    • The sympathetic nervous system prepares your body for action, such as during an emergency or stressful situation.
    • The parasympathetic nervous system promotes relaxation and conserves energy.

    Blood-Brain Barrier

    • The blood-brain barrier is a mechanism that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood.
    • The blood-brain barrier is formed by the tight junctions of the cells that line the blood vessels in the brain.
    • The blood-brain barrier allows the passage of essential nutrients such as glucose but prevents the passage of toxins and harmful substances.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the heritability of traits and the role of DNA methylation as an epigenetic mechanism. It delves into how DNA methylation affects gene expression and the influence of maternal behaviors on chromatin accessibility. Additionally, it examines the enzymatic role of DNMTs in the methylation process.

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