Heresies and the Reformation

Beliefs or practices that differ from established religious dogma.

The practice of paying money to the Church for the forgiveness of sins.

Luther believed salvation came from faith in God, not good works or payments.

A religious movement initiated by Martin Luther's actions against the Catholic Church.

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to strengthen the Church.

The three social classes in medieval societies: nobles, clergy, and peasants.

Elite class in medieval society, who fought, owned land, and controlled resources.

Lower class who worked the land and served nobles and clergy.

A social system where loyalty and land ownership were exchanged.

Fortified homes of nobles, built for defense and living.

Medieval and Renaissance upper classes (nobles) played key roles in governance, administration, and trade.

The rising merchant class (bourgeoisie) played a growing role in trade and economy during these periods.

Trade routes expanded, impacting European economies and power dynamics, notably across the Atlantic.

New professions (lawyers, notaries) emerged as societal needs grew and complexity increased.

A shift in thought valuing human potential and achievement, challenging traditional beliefs.

The Reformation significantly altered religious beliefs and practices in Europe.

Taxation became necessary to support growing governance and military expenses during these periods.

Significant changes occurred in how people viewed life, death, and spirituality during this time.

A social, political, and economic system of medieval Europe where land ownership gave power and obligations.

The land owned by a noble (lord or knight) in the feudal system. It included self-sufficient farms and villages.

A peasant legally bound to the land and obligated to work for the lord.

The main economic activity in feudal societies in which most resources came from farming.

A social hierarchy in feudalism. Individuals were born into a position that dictated their rights and responsibilities.

Feudalism saw agricultural improvements, more food, and population growth. It also led to trade growth and conflicts like the Crusades, weakening feudal structure.

The Black Death caused massive European deaths (25 million) and labor shortages, resulting in higher wages for survivors.

Absolutist monarchs faced resistance from powerful groups like the nobility, other rulers, and the people within their kingdoms.

Nobles were important in defending society, while the clergy maintained norms and the peasantry produced necessities.

The disease spread quickly through contact and by rats.