38 Questions
What is the primary reason why Hepatitis C virus cannot integrate into our genome?
It has a single strand of RNA
Which component of the Hepatitis C virus is cleaved to form structural components like core and envelope proteins?
Amino acid protein chain
What is the significance of genotypes in Hepatitis C virology?
They influence the choice of antiviral therapy
What symptoms might an individual with acute HCV infection present with?
Jaundice, dark urine, and clay-colored stools
At approximately what time after exposure to HCV do liver enzyme elevations typically occur?
6-8 weeks
What percentage of patients exposed to HCV develop chronic infection?
>75%
How many years of infection does it take for about 16-20% of individuals with chronic HCV infection to develop cirrhosis?
~20 years
What is the average yearly risk of hepatic decompensation after cirrhosis in patients with HCV infection?
~5%
In which geographic area do genotypes 1a and 1b predominate according to common subtype testing?
USA and Western Europe
Which diagnostic test is used as a marker of immune response to the hepatitis B virus?
HBV Core Antibody
What does the presence of HBV e Antigen indicate in a patient?
Active infection
What does a high HBV DNA viral load indicate?
Active infection with high replication
In individuals undergoing immune suppression, what may put them at risk for rapid progression of liver disease?
Previous exposure to HBV
Which antibody is typically seen in the recovery phase of natural hepatitis B infection?
HBV e Antibody
What does the presence of Core IgM suggest in terms of hepatitis B infection?
Re-activation of viral replication
Which test is used to monitor the state of hepatitis B infection and determine the need for therapy based on liver enzyme levels?
APRI
"Not everyone living with HBV requires therapy immediately" - Which criteria are typically used to determine the need for immediate therapy in HBV patients?
[APRI] elevations or Fibroscan score elevations
In adults, what percentage may have symptomatic acute infection?
23%
What does HBV Surface Antigen (HBS Ag) signify?
Active infection
What is the percentage of individuals exposed to HCV who will develop antibodies by 6 months after exposure?
100%
Which group of individuals may experience false negatives in HCV antibody testing?
Transplant recipients
What is the lower limit of quantification for detecting the HCV virus using RNA PCR?
< 12 IU/mL
Which test should be ordered for individuals with detectable HCV RNA?
Hepatitis B serology
What does SVR stand for in the context of HCV therapy?
Sustained Virologic Response
Which factor is NOT considered when determining eligibility for HCV therapy?
History of alcohol intake
What does APRI > 2 indicate in terms of liver disease?
Cirrhosis
Which class of DAA agents targets the NS5B polymerase?
NS5B Inhibitors
'Hepatitis B can form a minichromosome within the nucleus' - Which structure enables this process?
What is the goal of HBV therapy?
To achieve long-term virologic suppression
Which of the following is a first-line therapy for HBV due to its high potency?
Tenofovir
What percentage of individuals develop resistance to Lamivudine by 5 years of treatment?
70%
Which HBV therapy can overcome some Lamivudine resistance?
Entecavir
How is the success of antiviral therapy in HBV treatment typically monitored?
By following HBV DNA (viral load) values
Which viral marker indicates seroconversion in HBV treatment?
Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb)
What is the mainstay for global HBV prevention?
Hepatitis B vaccination
In which vaccine is synthetic hepatitis B surface antigen used?
'DTaP-HB-IPV-Hib'
'Immunity defined as HBSAb titre > 10 IU/mL' implies what regarding HBV vaccination?
'Immunity after vaccination is lifelong'
'Those with immune compromise may need higher dose vaccine or more frequent dosing.' This statement applies to individuals with which conditions?
'HIV'
Explore key information on acute and chronic infections, cirrhosis, liver transplantation, and liver failure. Learn about the progression of chronic hepatitis B, liver cancer, and the impact on mortality rates. Dive into essential facts from hepatology research studies.
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