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Questions and Answers
What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
What is the typical incubation period for Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
What is the typical incubation period for Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
What is the shape of the nucleocapsid of Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
What is the shape of the nucleocapsid of Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
What is the genome type of Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
What is the genome type of Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
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What is the primary reservoir for Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
What is the primary reservoir for Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
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What is the frequency of chronic infection with Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
What is the frequency of chronic infection with Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?
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What is the interpretation of a HBsAg positive, HBsAb negative, and HBcAb negative result?
What is the interpretation of a HBsAg positive, HBsAb negative, and HBcAb negative result?
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What is the purpose of Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG)?
What is the purpose of Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG)?
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What type of RNA does the Hepatitis C virus contain?
What type of RNA does the Hepatitis C virus contain?
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What is the purpose of recombinant Alpha interferon in the treatment of HBV?
What is the purpose of recombinant Alpha interferon in the treatment of HBV?
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What is the composition of the HBV vaccine?
What is the composition of the HBV vaccine?
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What is the most common outcome of new HCV infections?
What is the most common outcome of new HCV infections?
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What percentage of adult patients with HBV become chronic carriers?
What percentage of adult patients with HBV become chronic carriers?
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What is the incubation period for HBV?
What is the incubation period for HBV?
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What is the primary mechanism by which HDV replicates?
What is the primary mechanism by which HDV replicates?
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What is a characteristic of the cells that HIV preferentially infects?
What is a characteristic of the cells that HIV preferentially infects?
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What is the most important test for detection of early HBV infection?
What is the most important test for detection of early HBV infection?
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What is the outcome of most chronic carriers of HBV?
What is the outcome of most chronic carriers of HBV?
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What is a consequence of co-infection with HBV and HDV?
What is a consequence of co-infection with HBV and HDV?
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What is a key feature of the HIV genome?
What is a key feature of the HIV genome?
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What is the consequence of perinatal transmission of HBV from mother to newborn?
What is the consequence of perinatal transmission of HBV from mother to newborn?
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What is the outcome of natural infection with HBV?
What is the outcome of natural infection with HBV?
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What is a preventive measure against HDV infection?
What is a preventive measure against HDV infection?
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What is a complication of HIV infection?
What is a complication of HIV infection?
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What is the typical duration of the clinical latent period in untreated HIV patients?
What is the typical duration of the clinical latent period in untreated HIV patients?
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What is the primary effect of HIV on the immune system?
What is the primary effect of HIV on the immune system?
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What is the characteristic of HIV during the middle stage of infection?
What is the characteristic of HIV during the middle stage of infection?
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What is the result of monotherapy in HIV treatment?
What is the result of monotherapy in HIV treatment?
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What is the characteristic of CD4 cells in AIDS patients?
What is the characteristic of CD4 cells in AIDS patients?
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What is the effect of discontinuing HAART therapy on HIV production?
What is the effect of discontinuing HAART therapy on HIV production?
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Study Notes
Hepatitis Viruses
- Five main viruses cause hepatitis: Hepatitis A (HAV), Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV), Hepatitis D (HDV), and Hepatitis E (HEV).
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
- HAV is a picornavirus with a single-stranded RNA genome and positive polarity.
- It is non-enveloped with an icosahedral nucleocapsid; only one serotype exists without antigenic cross reaction with other hepatitis viruses.
- Transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route; humans are the only reservoir.
- Children are the most commonly infected; outbreaks often occur in crowded living conditions like camps and schools.
- Low risk of blood transmission due to low viremia and absence of chronic infection.
- Common symptoms: fever, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, dark urine, pale feces, and elevated transaminase levels.
- HAV has a short incubation period of about 10-15 days, with many infections being asymptomatic.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
- HBV is associated with chronic infection in approximately 5% of adult cases, increasing to 90% in neonates.
- Key markers for HBV infection diagnosis:
- HBsAg indicates acute infection.
- HBsAb indicates past infection or vaccination.
- HBcAb can signify early infection or recovery.
- Clinical Presentation: Similar symptoms to HAV, with a longer incubation period of 2-3 months.
- Chronic carriers may experience severe liver issues, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
- Treatment options include recombinant alpha interferon, lamivudine, and liver transplantation for end-stage liver damage.
- Vaccination uses HBsAg subunits, and HBIG provides immediate protection post-exposure.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
- HCV is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus, primarily causing post-transfusion hepatitis.
- New infections are often subclinical, with transmission also occurring perinatally.
- Many HCV infections are asymptomatic.
Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)
- HDV causes delta hepatitis and requires HBV for replication, as it lacks the envelope protein genes.
- Co-infection or superinfection with HBV leads to more severe disease.
- No specific antiviral therapy or vaccine exists for HDV.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- HIV is the causative agent of AIDS, classified as a human T-cell lymphotropic retrovirus with a diploid single-stranded RNA genome.
- It selectively infects and destroys CD4 T lymphocytes, compromising cell-mediated immunity and increasing infection risk.
- The middle stage of infection lasts 7 to 11 years, during which patients remain asymptomatic with low viremia.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Characterized by a decline in CD4 count below 200 cells/μL leading to severe symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
- Normal CD4 range is above 500 cells/μL.
Antiviral Drug Treatment
- Antiretroviral therapy includes highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which is ineffective at curing HIV infection due to virus persistence in reservoirs.
- Monotherapy often leads to rapid resistance development in HIV.
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Description
This quiz covers the different types of hepatitis viruses, including A, B, C, D, and E, as well as their properties and characteristics. It also touches on HIV.
