Hepatitis Virus Transmission and Immune Response Quiz

A type of innate immune receptor that recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and triggers immune responses. Plays a crucial role in detecting viral threats and activating the immune system.

A type of innate immune receptor found in the cytoplasm of cells. Plays a role in detecting intracellular pathogens and activating immune responses, including inflammation.

Immune cells that play a key role in the innate immune response against viral infections. They can directly kill infected cells and release antiviral cytokines to help control viral replication.

The immune system's multifaceted response to viral infections, involving various mechanisms such as the production of antibodies and activation of specific immune cells.

The part of the adaptive immune response that involves antibody production by B cells and plasma cells. Antibodies can neutralize viruses, promote phagocytosis, and activate complement.

Antibodies that prevent viruses from attaching and entering host cells.

A type of lymphocyte that can directly kill virus-infected cells. Plays a key role in cell-mediated immunity by recognizing viral antigens presented on MHC class I molecules.

A pore-forming protein released by CTLs that creates holes in the membranes of infected cells, allowing granzymes to enter and induce apoptosis.

A virus that causes inflammation of the liver, primarily spread through fecal-oral transmission.

A test that detects the presence of IgM antibodies specific to Hepatitis A virus. These antibodies signify a recent infection.

A test that detects antibodies to Hepatitis A virus, including both IgM and IgG. A positive result indicates past infection or vaccination.

A method to detect Hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA in a sample, often used for diagnosing acute or chronic infection.

A vaccine containing inactivated Hepatitis A virus, used to prevent infection.

A type of RNA virus that causes hepatitis, transmitted through the fecal-oral route.

The process of transmitting disease through the ingestion of contaminated feces, like through contaminated food or water.

A type of RNA virus that lacks an outer lipid envelope, often referred to as a naked capsid.

The outer shell of the HBV virus particle, containing a protein called HBsAg.

The innermost part of the HBV virus, containing genetic material and enzymes.

A protein found on the surface of the HBV virus and in excess amounts in the blood.

A protein found inside the HBV virus core and in the blood.

A specialized medication containing antibodies against HBV, used for passive immunization.

The period between exposure to HBV and the appearance of symptoms.

The time between exposure to the HEV virus and the onset of symptoms, typically lasting 3 to 8 weeks.

A severe form of hepatitis E infection characterized by rapid worsening of liver function and a high risk of death, especially in pregnant women.

A test that identifies antibodies specific to the hepatitis E virus, indicating past or present infection.

A type of antibody that appears early on in an active hepatitis E infection, typically detected at the onset of symptoms.

A type of antibody that persists after recovery from a hepatitis E infection, indicating past exposure.

A test used to directly detect the presence of HEV RNA in stool samples, often performed when IgM tests are negative.

EBV-infected B cells become activated, proliferate, and produce antibodies, including EBV-specific antibodies, heterophile antibodies, and autoantibodies. This process is controlled by natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Viral proteins produced during the lytic cycle of EBV, including capsid and membrane antigens.

Antibodies that react with red blood cells from other species, also known as 'heterophile antibodies.' They indicate a recent infection with Epstein-Barr virus.

EBV can remain in a dormant state within a small percentage of B cells, leading to a persistent infection. Though the virus is present, it doesn't actively cause symptoms.

A common laboratory diagnostic test for infectious mononucleosis or recent EBV infection. It detects the presence of heterophile antibodies.

Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a common outcome of primary EBV infection in adolescents and adults, typically manifesting as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and sore throat.

Common symptoms of IM like fever, swollen glands, and sore throat are called classic symptoms. They usually last for 2-4 weeks, but fatigue, aches, and tiredness can linger for months.

A test using ELISA techniques that detects the presence of heterophile antibodies. While less specific, it's preferred due to ease and speed.

Heterophile antibodies are IgM antibodies that react with red blood cells from different species (horse, sheep, bovine). They are produced during polyclonal B-cell activation in IM. These antibodies are present in most patients during the active phase of IM.

Molecular tests for EBV DNA in blood and tissue samples, used for monitoring viral load and in immunocompromised patients.

A ubiquitous virus that causes CMV infection. It's commonly spread through close contact with bodily fluids.

Heterophile antibodies are a useful screening test for IM, as they are present in a majority of patients during the acute phase of the illness.

CMV infection in newborns may occur through placental transmission, leading to serious complications.

IgM antibody to the viral capsid antigen (VCA) is a good indicator of acute IM, appearing at the onset of symptoms and disappearing within 3 months.

IgG antibody to VCA also appears at the onset of IM but persists for life, marking a past infection. Other antibodies, like anti-EA-D (acute phase) and anti-EBNA (convalescence), help track the course of infection.

Several laboratory methods are used to diagnose CMV infection, including viral culture, serology, and molecular assays.