Hepatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Types
38 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism behind inflammation of the liver and liver damage in hepatitis?

  • Immune cells destroying infected hepatocytes (correct)
  • Hepatocytes multiplying abnormally
  • Toxic substances directly damaging liver cells
  • Liver cells producing excessive bilirubin

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic hepatitis?

  • Complete recovery within 6 months
  • Progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis (correct)
  • Severe symptoms from the start
  • Immune system suppressing the virus

    • What is the most common cause of liver inflammation worldwide?

  • Viral hepatitis (correct)
  • Alcoholic hepatitis
  • Autoimmune hepatitis
  • Toxic/drug-induced hepatitis

    • What is the significance of HAV IgM in hepatitis A serology?

    <p>Indicates active infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gold standard for diagnosing hepatitis C infection?

    <p>HCV RNA testing using PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hepatitis?

    <p>Fever and malaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of increased serum transaminases in hepatitis?

    <p>Indicates liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hepatitis in newborns and children?

    <p>Giant cell hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of ribavirin?

    <p>Stopping viral RNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brand name of the combination of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir?

    <p>Harvoni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for hepatitis A?

    <p>Maintaining nutrition and hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contraindication for ribavirin?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brand name of the combination of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir?

    <p>Viekira Pak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of pegylated interferon?

    <p>Stimulating an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brand name of telbivudine?

    <p>Tyzeka</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ribavirin on antiretroviral medications?

    <p>Interacts with some of them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis A?

    <p>People who are not vaccinated within 2 weeks of exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brand name of the combination of elbasvir and grazoprevir?

    <p>Zepatier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of inflammatory cells in the liver during hepatitis?

    <p>Tissue of liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis types is often associated with heart failure?

    <p>Ischemic hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of atypical lymphocytosis in hepatitis?

    <p>Due to stimulation from viral antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of HCV RNA testing using PCR?

    <p>Can detect virus early, even 1-2 weeks after infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of IgM anti-HBc in hepatitis B serology?

    <p>Indicates active infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common outcome of chronic hepatitis?

    <p>Progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of jaundice in hepatitis?

    <p>Due to increased bilirubin in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of hepatomegaly in hepatitis?

    <p>Due to inflammation of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of acute hepatitis B infection?

    <p>HBsAg (+), total anti-HBc (+), and IgM anti-HBc (+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Sofosbuvir?

    <p>Anti-HCV RNA polymerase inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brand name of the combination of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir?

    <p>Harvoni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Ribavirin on Antiretroviral medications?

    <p>Interacts with some Antiretroviral medications, such as AZT and didanosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Chronic HCV infection?

    <p>Antiviral medications, including Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brand name of the combination of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir?

    <p>Viekira Pak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contraindication for Ribavirin?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brand name of Telbivudine?

    <p>Tyzeka</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Pegylated Interferon?

    <p>Protein released in the body in response to viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis A?

    <p>People within 2 weeks of exposure who are not vaccinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effectiveness of Sofosbuvir with Ribavirin and Interferon in people with genotype 1, 4, 5, or 6?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Defining Hepatitis

    • Inflammation of the liver characterized by inflammatory cells in liver tissue
    • Often leads to jaundice, poor appetite, and malaise
    • Can be acute (< 6 months) or chronic (> 6 months)

    Chronic Hepatitis

    • May have no initial symptoms
    • Progresses to fibrosis (scarring) and cirrhosis (chronic liver failure)
    • Increases risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

    Causes of Hepatitis

    • Viral hepatitis (most common cause of liver inflammation worldwide)
    • Alcoholic hepatitis
    • Toxic/drug-induced hepatitis
    • Autoimmune hepatitis
    • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (often associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome)
    • Ischemic hepatitis (often associated with heart failure)
    • Giant cell hepatitis (rare, affecting newborns and children)

    Pathophysiology

    • Viruses target hepatocytes, causing them to express abnormal proteins on their surface
    • Immune cells destroy infected hepatocytes, leading to inflammation and liver damage

    Symptomatology

    • Fever, malaise, and nausea due to immune system response
    • Hepatomegaly and leaking transaminases into blood cause increased serum transaminases (ALT > AST)
    • Atypical lymphocytosis common due to stimulation from viral antigens
    • Jaundice, increased bilirubin (conjugated and unconjugated), and increased urobilinogenuria

    HAV Serology

    • HAV IgM indicates active infection
    • HAV IgG indicates protective antibody, recovery, or previous vaccination

    HCV Serology

    • HCV RNA testing using PCR is the gold standard, detecting virus early (1-2 weeks after infection)
    • Detects levels of viral RNA in the blood, indicating recovery or chronic infection

    Acute Hepatitis B Infection

    • HBsAg (+)
    • Total anti-HBc (+)
    • IgM anti-HBc (+)
    • Anti-HBs (-)

    Treatment of Hepatitis

    • Treating HAV: maintain nutrition and hydration, practice personal hygiene, and provide post-exposure prophylaxis to unvaccinated individuals within 2 weeks of exposure
    • Treating HCV: antiviral medications recommended for all people with proven chronic HCV not at high risk of dying from other causes
    • Treating HBV: various medications including lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, telbivudine, tenofovir, and peginterferon

    New Anti-HCV Drugs

    • Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi): anti-HCV RNA polymerase inhibitor with high cure rate and fewer adverse effects
    • Ledipasvir (Harvoni): inhibitor of HCV NS5A protein, well tolerated with minimal side effects
    • Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir + dasabuvir (Viekira Pak): combination therapy for genotype 1
    • Elbasvir + grazoprevir (Zepatier): once-a-day combo pill for genotypes 1 or 4

    Effectiveness of Treatment

    • Sofosbuvir with ribavirin and interferon: 90% effective in genotypes 1, 4, 5, or 6
    • Sofosbuvir with just ribavirin: 70-95% effective in genotypes 2 and 3
    • Ledipasvir (Harvoni): 93-99% effective in genotype 1, but expensive
    • Ribavirin and peginterferon: 60-90% effective in genotype 6

    Defining Hepatitis

    • Inflammation of the liver characterized by inflammatory cells in liver tissue
    • Often leads to jaundice, poor appetite, and malaise
    • Can be acute (< 6 months) or chronic (> 6 months)

    Chronic Hepatitis

    • May have no initial symptoms
    • Progresses to fibrosis (scarring) and cirrhosis (chronic liver failure)
    • Increases risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

    Causes of Hepatitis

    • Viral hepatitis (most common cause of liver inflammation worldwide)
    • Alcoholic hepatitis
    • Toxic/drug-induced hepatitis
    • Autoimmune hepatitis
    • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (often associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome)
    • Ischemic hepatitis (often associated with heart failure)
    • Giant cell hepatitis (rare, affecting newborns and children)

    Pathophysiology

    • Viruses target hepatocytes, causing them to express abnormal proteins on their surface
    • Immune cells destroy infected hepatocytes, leading to inflammation and liver damage

    Symptomatology

    • Fever, malaise, and nausea due to immune system response
    • Hepatomegaly and leaking transaminases into blood cause increased serum transaminases (ALT > AST)
    • Atypical lymphocytosis common due to stimulation from viral antigens
    • Jaundice, increased bilirubin (conjugated and unconjugated), and increased urobilinogenuria

    HAV Serology

    • HAV IgM indicates active infection
    • HAV IgG indicates protective antibody, recovery, or previous vaccination

    HCV Serology

    • HCV RNA testing using PCR is the gold standard, detecting virus early (1-2 weeks after infection)
    • Detects levels of viral RNA in the blood, indicating recovery or chronic infection

    Acute Hepatitis B Infection

    • HBsAg (+)
    • Total anti-HBc (+)
    • IgM anti-HBc (+)
    • Anti-HBs (-)

    Treatment of Hepatitis

    • Treating HAV: maintain nutrition and hydration, practice personal hygiene, and provide post-exposure prophylaxis to unvaccinated individuals within 2 weeks of exposure
    • Treating HCV: antiviral medications recommended for all people with proven chronic HCV not at high risk of dying from other causes
    • Treating HBV: various medications including lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, telbivudine, tenofovir, and peginterferon

    New Anti-HCV Drugs

    • Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi): anti-HCV RNA polymerase inhibitor with high cure rate and fewer adverse effects
    • Ledipasvir (Harvoni): inhibitor of HCV NS5A protein, well tolerated with minimal side effects
    • Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir + dasabuvir (Viekira Pak): combination therapy for genotype 1
    • Elbasvir + grazoprevir (Zepatier): once-a-day combo pill for genotypes 1 or 4

    Effectiveness of Treatment

    • Sofosbuvir with ribavirin and interferon: 90% effective in genotypes 1, 4, 5, or 6
    • Sofosbuvir with just ribavirin: 70-95% effective in genotypes 2 and 3
    • Ledipasvir (Harvoni): 93-99% effective in genotype 1, but expensive
    • Ribavirin and peginterferon: 60-90% effective in genotype 6

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Hepatitis - Pharm Exam 2 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the definition, types, and causes of hepatitis, a liver disease characterized by inflammation and potentially leading to chronic liver failure and cancer.

    More Like This

    Alcoholic Hepatitis in Alcoholic Liver Disease
    15 questions

    Alcoholic Hepatitis in Alcoholic Liver Disease

    RosyPyrite avatar
    RosyPyrite
    Viral Hepatitis: Causes and Effects
    10 questions

    Viral Hepatitis: Causes and Effects

    GorgeousBinary avatar
    GorgeousBinary
    Viral Hepatitis
    36 questions

    Viral Hepatitis

    GorgeousBinary avatar
    GorgeousBinary
    Hepatitis and Liver Disease hard
    48 questions

    Hepatitis and Liver Disease hard

    WiseTropicalIsland4758 avatar
    WiseTropicalIsland4758
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser