Viral Hepatitis
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Questions and Answers

What is the major cause of liver cirrhosis and liver carcinoma?

  • Hepatitis A
  • Viral hepatitis (correct)
  • Autoimmune hepatitis
  • Hepatitis B

    • Which of the following groups is at risk for occupational exposure to HBV?

  • Hemodialysis patients
  • Persons with diabetes
  • Travelers to countries where HBV is endemic
  • Persons at risk for occupational exposure to HBV (correct)

    • How is Hepatitis A diagnosed?

  • Presence of elevated ALT and AST levels
  • Presence of elevated IgM anti-HAV for 2-4 weeks (correct)
  • Presence of elevated IgG anti-HAV for 2-4 weeks
  • Presence of elevated bilirubin levels

    • How long can HCV survive on surfaces at room temperature?

    <p>Up to 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Hepatitis A?

    <p>Fecal-oral transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of Hepatitis A virus infection?

    <p>Less than two months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Hepatitis A virus infection?

    <p>Immunity against Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average incubation period of HCV?

    <p>45 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a dentist/health care provider prevent the transmission of hepatitis?

    <p>By considering each patient as a potential carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to prevent HCV transmission in the dental setting?

    <p>Standard Precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can Hepatitis A virus remain infectious on environmental surfaces?

    <p>More than a month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge to HCV vaccine development?

    <p>Viral diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of symptoms of all types of viral hepatitis?

    <p>They are frequently asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective disinfectant against HCV?

    <p>1-propanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Hepatitis E?

    <p>Fecal-oral transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Hepatitis D?

    <p>A virus that travels with Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of time it may take for the HCV Ab to be detectable after initial infection?

    <p>2-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Hepatitis B?

    <p>Percutaneous exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test can be ordered to support clinical suspicion of acute Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>IgM antibody to the Hepatitis B core antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average incubation period of Hepatitis B?

    <p>45 to 160 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are at risk of HBV infection?

    <p>Injection-drug users, sexual contacts, and household contacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the window period for HCV RNA detection after initial infection?

    <p>2-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation of a test result with HBsAg negative, anti-HBc positive, and anti-HBs negative?

    <p>Any of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average incubation period of Hepatitis A?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Hepatitis A primarily transmitted?

    <p>Through ingestion of contaminated food or drinks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times more infectious is Hepatitis B than HIV?

    <p>50-100 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation of a test result with HBsAg negative, anti-HBc negative, and anti-HBs negative?

    <p>Susceptible to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reservoir for HBV transmission?

    <p>Chronic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be advised not to share to prevent the spread of infection?

    <p>Sanitary and household items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of testing for Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of IgG anti-HAV in Hepatitis A diagnosis?

    <p>It indicates the convalescent phase of the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to order all 3 tests when testing for Hepatitis B?

    <p>To determine susceptibility, immunity, or active infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can IgM anti-HBc be elevated?

    <p>During both acute and chronic phases of Hepatitis B infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation of a test result with HBsAg positive, anti-HBc positive, and anti-HBs negative?

    <p>Acute HBV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation of a test result with HBsAg negative, anti-HBc negative, and anti-HBs positive?

    <p>Immune due to hepatitis B vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should perform the testing for Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>A medical practitioner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Viral Hepatitis Overview

    • Viral hepatitis is a silent epidemic worldwide, causing liver cirrhosis and liver carcinoma.
    • Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver, commonly caused by viral infections, but also by autoimmune hepatitis, medications, toxins, and alcohol.

    Types of Viral Hepatitis

    • Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E are classified as viral infections of the liver.
    • Hepatitis A: fecal-oral transmission.
    • Hepatitis B: sexual fluids and blood-to-blood transmission.
    • Hepatitis C: blood-to-blood transmission.
    • Hepatitis D: travels with Hepatitis B.
    • Hepatitis E: fecal-oral transmission.

    Symptoms of Viral Hepatitis

    • Fever.
    • Fatigue.
    • Loss of appetite.
    • Nausea and vomiting.
    • Abdominal pain.
    • Gray-colored bowel movements.
    • Joint pain.
    • Jaundice.

    Hepatitis A

    • HAV is an RNA picornavirus, endemic in many developing countries.
    • Typically causes a self-limited infection of less than two months' duration, conferring immunity when resolved.
    • HAV remains infectious on environmental surfaces for more than a month.
    • Incubation period: 15 to 50 days (average: 28 days).
    • Needs supportive treatment.
    • Transmission: ingestion of fecal matter from close contact with an infected person, sexual contact, or contaminated food and drinks.
    • Prevention: vaccination, hand hygiene, proper food handling, and disinfection of contaminated surfaces.

    Hepatitis B

    • HBV is an encapsulated DNA virus that replicates within the hepatocyte.
    • Transmitted by percutaneous or mucosal exposure to the body fluids of an infected person.
    • HBV is 50-100 times more infectious than HIV outside the body.
    • Incubation period: 45 to 160 days (average: 120 days).
    • Chronic infection serves as the main reservoir for HBV transmission.
    • Transmission: percutaneous, mucosal, or non-intact skin exposure to infectious blood or body fluids.
    • Adults at risk for HBV infection: injection-drug use, sexual exposure, household contacts, developmentally disabled persons, correctional facilities, occupational exposure, hemodialysis patients, and persons with HCV infection or chronic liver disease.
    • Prevention: vaccination, avoiding unprotected sex, percutaneous or mucosal contact with infected blood, body fluids, and contaminated items.

    Hepatitis C

    • HCV is an RNA virus with great molecular heterogeneity, making vaccine development challenging.
    • Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of liver-related death and hepatocellular carcinoma in the Western world.
    • Incubation period: 14 to 180 days (average: 45 days).
    • No vaccine available.
    • HCV survival: up to 6 weeks on surfaces at room temperature, and up to 5 months in water at low temperatures.
    • Prevention: no vaccine for primary prevention, standard precautions remain the foundation of protection against transmission.

    Laboratory Findings

    • Hepatitis A diagnosis: presence of elevated IgM anti-HAV for 2-4 weeks during the acute phase of the infection, and later by rise in IgG anti-HAV in the convalescent phase.
    • Hepatitis B diagnosis: presence of HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs.
    • Hepatitis C diagnosis: detecting antibodies to the virus (HCV Ab) or viral RNA in the blood.

    Prevention and Advice

    • Advice to healthcare providers: not to share sanitary and household items that may carry traces of blood, and to avoid percutaneous exposure to infected blood.
    • Advice to patients: not to share injecting or snorting equipment, and to avoid percutaneous exposure to infected blood.

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    Related Documents

    Hepatitis Overview May 2024 PDF

    Description

    Learn about the causes and effects of Viral Hepatitis, a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and liver carcinoma. Understand the inflammatory condition of the liver and its various causes.

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