Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary hypothesis being tested in this experiment?
What is the primary hypothesis being tested in this experiment?
- Ammonia build-up without liver injury causes hepatic encephalopathy.
- Liver injury leading to ammonia toxicity causes hepatic encephalopathy. (correct)
- Increased blood flow to the liver induces hepatic encephalopathy.
- Hepatic encephalopathy occurs only with severe liver failure.
Why is the rabbit not given anesthesia during the preparation?
Why is the rabbit not given anesthesia during the preparation?
- The effect of anesthesia on the experiment is unknown.
- Observation of the transition to hepatic encephalopathy is crucial. (correct)
- Anesthesia may prevent proper incisions.
- Rabbits cannot undergo anesthesia safely.
What is the purpose of ligating the blood vessels in the liver surgery step?
What is the purpose of ligating the blood vessels in the liver surgery step?
- To simulate liver injury by restricting blood supply. (correct)
- To aid in the recovery of the liver after the experiment.
- To promote blood flow to the liver.
- To prevent blood loss during the incision process.
What specific action is performed to monitor the rabbit's response during observation?
What specific action is performed to monitor the rabbit's response during observation?
What is the correct procedure for administering the ammonium chloride to the rabbit?
What is the correct procedure for administering the ammonium chloride to the rabbit?
Where is the catheter inserted during the duodenum surgery?
Where is the catheter inserted during the duodenum surgery?
What should be avoided when closing the abdominal incision?
What should be avoided when closing the abdominal incision?
Which layer is incised to access the liver during the exploratory procedure?
Which layer is incised to access the liver during the exploratory procedure?
Flashcards
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hepatic Encephalopathy
The state of altered brain function caused by liver dysfunction, often due to high ammonia levels in the blood.
Liver Ligation
Liver Ligation
A technique used to simulate liver damage in an experiment by restricting blood flow to the liver.
Ammonia Injection into the Intestinal Tract
Ammonia Injection into the Intestinal Tract
A method to artificially increase ammonia levels in the body, mimicking the condition caused by impaired liver function.
Incision and Exploration
Incision and Exploration
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Falciform Ligament
Falciform Ligament
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Square Pages of the Liver
Square Pages of the Liver
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Catheter Insertion into the Duodenum
Catheter Insertion into the Duodenum
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Compound Ammonium Chloride
Compound Ammonium Chloride
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Study Notes
Hepatic Encephalopathy Experiment
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Hypothesis: Liver injury leads to ammonia intoxication, causing hepatic encephalopathy.
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Experiment Methodology:
- Simulated Liver Injury: Liver ligation to mimic liver damage and increase blood ammonia. Also, ammonia salt is injected
- Animal Model: Rabbits are used as the animal model.
- Anesthesia: No general anesthesia is used on rabbits to observe the transition from normal consciousness to hepatic encephalopathy. Instead, rabbits are restrained using a rope tied to their limbs
- Procedure:
- Weigh and fix the rabbit.
- Shear hair from the upper abdomen.
- Perform local anesthesia (procaine) on the skin.
- Make an 8cm incision in the abdomen.
- Expose the liver and perform ligation surgical procedures including:
- Cut the falciform ligament
- Identify and ligate blood vessels
- Complete liver surgery using surgical techniques
- Perform duodenum surgery
- Locate stomach and duodenum
- Create a hole in the duodenum
- Insert a catheter into the duodenum
- Secure the catheter using thread or forceps to avoid intestinal or stomach misdirection
- Monitor the rabbit's condition.
- Observe Corneal reflex, irritability reaction, and other behaviors to assess reaction.
- Observe the breathing frequency and reaction
- Inject 5ml/5mins of compound ammonium chloride through the intubation.
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Results/Observations:
- Corneal Reflex: Observed to ensure the rabbit is conscious.
- Irritability: Observed for any changes in behavior.
- Spasm Episodes: Abnormal spasms may indicate the onset of the condition
- Decerebrate Rigidity: Arms and legs become rigid in cases of neurological conditions
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Mechanism: Ammonia builds up in the blood due to liver dysfunction which causes abnormal activity in the brain. Excessive ammonia causes irritability and hyperventilation , which can be seen in the observable symptoms.
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Clinical Significance: Experiment mimics the condition of hepatic encephalopathy, enabling researchers to study the disease progression and effects.
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