Hepatic Encephalopathy Experiment Study
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary hypothesis being tested in this experiment?

  • Ammonia build-up without liver injury causes hepatic encephalopathy.
  • Liver injury leading to ammonia toxicity causes hepatic encephalopathy. (correct)
  • Increased blood flow to the liver induces hepatic encephalopathy.
  • Hepatic encephalopathy occurs only with severe liver failure.
  • Why is the rabbit not given anesthesia during the preparation?

  • The effect of anesthesia on the experiment is unknown.
  • Observation of the transition to hepatic encephalopathy is crucial. (correct)
  • Anesthesia may prevent proper incisions.
  • Rabbits cannot undergo anesthesia safely.
  • What is the purpose of ligating the blood vessels in the liver surgery step?

  • To simulate liver injury by restricting blood supply. (correct)
  • To aid in the recovery of the liver after the experiment.
  • To promote blood flow to the liver.
  • To prevent blood loss during the incision process.
  • What specific action is performed to monitor the rabbit's response during observation?

    <p>Testing corneal reflection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct procedure for administering the ammonium chloride to the rabbit?

    <p>Injecting 5 ml every 5 minutes through the inserted catheter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the catheter inserted during the duodenum surgery?

    <p>Into the duodenum towards the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when closing the abdominal incision?

    <p>Pulling the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is incised to access the liver during the exploratory procedure?

    <p>The subcutaneous muscle layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hepatic Encephalopathy Experiment

    • Hypothesis: Liver injury leads to ammonia intoxication, causing hepatic encephalopathy.

    • Experiment Methodology:

      • Simulated Liver Injury: Liver ligation to mimic liver damage and increase blood ammonia. Also, ammonia salt is injected
      • Animal Model: Rabbits are used as the animal model.
      • Anesthesia: No general anesthesia is used on rabbits to observe the transition from normal consciousness to hepatic encephalopathy. Instead, rabbits are restrained using a rope tied to their limbs
      • Procedure:
        • Weigh and fix the rabbit.
        • Shear hair from the upper abdomen.
        • Perform local anesthesia (procaine) on the skin.
        • Make an 8cm incision in the abdomen.
        • Expose the liver and perform ligation surgical procedures including:
          • Cut the falciform ligament
          • Identify and ligate blood vessels
          • Complete liver surgery using surgical techniques
        • Perform duodenum surgery
          • Locate stomach and duodenum
          • Create a hole in the duodenum
          • Insert a catheter into the duodenum
          • Secure the catheter using thread or forceps to avoid intestinal or stomach misdirection
        • Monitor the rabbit's condition.
        • Observe Corneal reflex, irritability reaction, and other behaviors to assess reaction.
        • Observe the breathing frequency and reaction
        • Inject 5ml/5mins of compound ammonium chloride through the intubation.
    • Results/Observations:

      • Corneal Reflex: Observed to ensure the rabbit is conscious.
      • Irritability: Observed for any changes in behavior.
      • Spasm Episodes: Abnormal spasms may indicate the onset of the condition
      • Decerebrate Rigidity: Arms and legs become rigid in cases of neurological conditions
    • Mechanism: Ammonia builds up in the blood due to liver dysfunction which causes abnormal activity in the brain. Excessive ammonia causes irritability and hyperventilation , which can be seen in the observable symptoms.

    • Clinical Significance: Experiment mimics the condition of hepatic encephalopathy, enabling researchers to study the disease progression and effects.

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    Description

    This quiz explores an experiment designed to investigate the effects of liver injury on ammonia levels and the onset of hepatic encephalopathy. Focusing on the methodology, including simulated liver injury and the use of rabbit models, this quiz aims to enhance understanding of the relationship between liver function and neurological outcomes.

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